• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although aged black garlic has various biological activities such as anti-allergy, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection, effect of aged black garlic on chemically contact dermatitis is unclarified. MATERIALS/METHODS: To evaluate anti-dermatitic activity of aged black garlic extract, we investigated effects of a fraction of aged black garlic extract (BG10) on both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: BG10 almost inhibited formation of nitric monoxide and interleukin-6 (IL-6; $IC_{50}$, $7.07{\mu}g/mL$) at $25{\mu}g/mL$, and dose-dependently reduced production of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$; $IC_{50}$, $52.07{\mu}g/mL$) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($IC_{50}$, $38.46{\mu}g/mL$) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, BG10 significantly inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear $NF-{\kappa}B$, and improved that of cytosolic levels of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in the cells. Consistent with in vitro studies, BG10 (0.5 mg/mL) not only reduced ear edema but also suppressed the formation of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in ear tissues of mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest BG10 has anti-dermatitic activity through inhibiting activation of macrophages. Therefore, such effects of BG10 may provide information for the application of aged black garlic for prevention and therapy of contact dermatitis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.757-766
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• 2019

Objective: MicroRNAs are a class of endogenous small regulatory RNAs that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies on miRNAs are mainly focused on mice, human and pig. However, the studies on miRNAs in skeletal muscle of sheep are not comprehensive. Methods: RNA-seq technology was used to perform genomic analysis of miRNAs in prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle of sheep. Targeted genes were predicted using miRanda software and miRNA-mRNA interactions were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. To further investigate the function of miRNAs, candidate targeted genes were enriched for analysis using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Results: The results showed total of 1,086 known miRNAs and 40 new candidate miRNAs were detected in prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle of sheep. In addition, 345 miRNAs (151 up-regulated, 94 down-regulated) were differentially expressed. Moreover, miRanda software was performed to predict targeted genes of miRNAs, resulting in a total of 2,833 predicted targets, especially miR-381 which targeted multiple muscle-related mRNAs. Furthermore, GO and KEGG pathway analysis confirmed that targeted genes of miRNAs were involved in development of skeletal muscles. Conclusion: This study supplements the miRNA database of sheep, which provides valuable information for further study of the biological function of miRNAs in sheep skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Since recently only an auto-correlated superposition coding (SC) scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has been investigated, this paper proposes a cross-correlated SC scheme for NOMA. First, we derive the closed-form expression of the sum rate of the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme. Then, numerical analyses demonstrate that the sum rate of the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme is larger than that of the conventional auto-correlated SC scheme. We also show that for the stronger channel gain user, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme is about 15, compared with the conventional auto-correlated SC scheme. As a result, the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme could be a promising technology for 6G ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC).

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.236-243
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• 2021

In this study, the functional cosmetic activity of hot-water (AW) and methanol(AM) extracts from Apocynum lancifolium Russanov are examined. In the DPPH antioxidant activity test, the AW extract showed the highest inhibition rate of 90.5% (IC50 37.717 ± 8.209 ㎍/mL) and the antioxidative activity of ABTS showed a high activity in the AW extract with an IC50 of 185.244 ± 12.602 ㎍/mL and 96.2%, respectively. In RAW264.7 macrophages, the two extracts significantly suppressed the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, IL-6 production and iNOS expression level. The MTT assay measured by the cell survival rate showed that AW and AM extracts have no toxicity. The astringent activity of the AW extract exhibited the highest astringent activity with 74.336±2.487 mg/mL. Therefore, these results suggest that A. lancifolium extracts have a health promotion potential which can be further developed as food additive, natural products for cosmetic purpose.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.31-37
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• 2020

The rapid development of the mobile internet has gradually changed the carrier of electronic games from PC to mobile. mobile games have become an excellent choice for many people to spend their spare time and enjoy life. Among many types of mobile games, Number of users of FPS games has increased rapidly in recent years. Based on the 《Emotional Design》 proposed by Donald Norman, this article compares the interaction design of China's most popular FPS game 《Game for peace》 and Korea's most popular FPS game 《PUBG》, and analyzes their similarities and differences, and then use that as a basis to summarize the three levels of emotional design-Visceral level, Behavior level, and Reflection level, which is the user interface, interaction mode, and interaction experience in interaction design Emotional expression on the two games. This theory provides suggestions for interactive design in the information industry such as mobile games.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1011-1022
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• 2020

Cell type specification is a delicate biological event in which every step is under tight regulation. From a molecular point of view, cell fate commitment begins with chromatin alteration, which kickstarts lineage-determining factors to initiate a series of genes required for cell specification. Several important neuronal differentiation factors have been identified from ectopic over-expression studies. However, there is scarce information on which DNA regions are modified during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) to neuronal progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation, the cis regulatory factors that attach to these accessible regions, or the genes that are initially expressed. In this study, we identified the DNA accessible regions of iPSCs and NPCs via the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq). We identified which chromatin regions were modified after neuronal differentiation and found that the enhancer regions had more active histone modification changes than the promoters. Through motif enrichment analysis, we found that NEUROD1 controls iPSC differentiation to NPC by binding to the accessible regions of enhancers in cooperation with other factors such as the Hox proteins. Finally, by using Hi-C data, we categorized the genes that directly interacted with the enhancers under the control of NEUROD1 during iPSC to NPC differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2021

Biosilica is a silica-based substance derived from the cell walls (frustules) of diatoms. Recently, research into biosilica's biological functions is underway, but little has been reported on the effects of biosilica on immune cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of ionized biosilica water (iBW) on dendritic cells (DCs), which play crucial roles as antigen (Ag)-presenting cells. Treatment with iBW increased the expression of immune response-related markers, closely connected to the maturation of DCs, and the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In addition, iBW-treated DCs (iBW-DCs) had a lower uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran than that of control DCs. Mixed leukocyte response analysis used for measuring the Ag-presenting capability of DCs, showed iBW-DCs had a higher capability than that of control DCs. Interestingly, DCs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and iBW had a lower level of Ag-presenting capability than that of LPS-treated DCs. Taken together, the results indicate that iBW alone can mature DCs, but it decreases the Ag-presenting capability of DCs in the presence of LPS, a representative agent of inflammation. This study may provide valuable information regarding the effect of iBW on immune cells. Further research is needed to investigate how iBW induces the observed biphasic immunomodulatory activity.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1253-1270
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• 2021

Assessment of male fertility is based on the evaluation of sperm. Semen evaluation measures various sperm quality parameters as fertility indicators. However, semen evaluation has limitations, and it requires the advancement and application of strict quality control methods to interpret the results. This article reviews the recent advances in evaluating various sperm-specific quality characteristics and methodologies, with the help of different assays to assess sperm-fertility status. Sperm evaluation methods that include conventional microscopic methods, computer-assisted sperm analyzers (CASA), and flow cytometric analysis, provide precise information related to sperm morphology and function. Moreover, profiling fertility-related biomarkers in sperm or seminal plasma can be helpful in predicting fertility. Identification of different sperm proteins and diagnosis of DNA damage has positively contributed to the existing pool of knowledge about sperm physiology and molecular anomalies associated with different infertility issues in males. Advances in methods and sperm-specific evaluation has subsequently resulted in a better understanding of sperm biology that has improved the diagnosis and clinical management of male factor infertility. Accurate sperm evaluation is of paramount importance in the application of artificial insemination and assisted reproductive technology. However, no single test can precisely determine fertility; the selection of an appropriate test or a set of tests and parameters is required to accurately determine the fertility of specific animal species. Therefore, a need to further calibrate the CASA and advance the gene expression tests is recommended for faster and field-level applications.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.77-87
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• 2021

The color gray in the cinema expresses the private or public memory and oblivion in the reminiscence scenes. The aesthetic function and meaning of gray that interacts with other elements in cinematic time and space are expanded in various ways. This study was analyzed the cases in which gray was used as the main visual style by limiting the scope to Korean films. Based on the traditional cultural symbolic meaning of gray, I analyzed how it was applied and transformed in films, and interpreted the cultural-social meaning by the interaction between gray and other elements. In film history starting from monochrome, gray has been used as a visual device suitable for realizing cinematic or imaginary reality. Gray is adopted when dreams or recollections are visualized as imaginary reality, and it is used when dreamy imaginations of daydreaming are demonstrated. Gray, which reproduces the dreamlike reality of imagination, is the concrete and realistic way of expression. First, in Korean films, gray is a flashback visual device that recalls the past, and is an intermediary visual form that materializes the imaginary. In films such as Ode to My Father (2014), DongJu (2015), A Resistance(2019) and The Battle : Roar to Victory (2019), the gray of the past is a visual device for cultural memory that builds the homogeneity and identity of the group. In the era of hyper-visibility, gray in black and white images is intended to be clearly remembered by unfamiliarity rather than blurry oblivion by familiarity. Second, in genre films with disaster materials such as Train To Busan (2016) and Ashfall (2019), the grays of rain, fog, clouds, shadows and smoke highlight other elements, and the gray color causes anxiety and fear. In war films such as TaeGukGi: Brotherhood Of War (2003) and The Front Line (2011), gray shows a more intense brutality than the primary color. In sports films such as 4th Place (2015), Take Off (2009) and Forever The Moment (2007), gray expresses uncertainty and immaturity. Third, gray visualizes the historical memory of A Petal (1996), the oblivion in Oh! My Gran (2020) and Poetry (2010), and the reality of daydreaming Gagman (1988) and Dream (1990). At the boundary between imagination and reality, gray is a visual form of dreams, memories and forgetfulness.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to develop smart bags that combining fashion-specific trends and smart information technologies such as light-emitting diodes(LED) and optic fibers by grafting marquage techniques that have recently become popular as part of eco-fashion. We applied e-textiles by designing leather tote bags that could show off LED luminescence. A total of two tote bags, a white-colored peacock design and a black-colored paisley design, divided the LED's light-emitting method into two types, incremental lighting and random light-emission to suit each design, and the locations of the optical fibers were also reversed depending upon the design. The production of circuits for the LEDs and optical fibers was based on the design, and a flexible conductive fabric was laser-cut instead of wire line and attached to the circuit-line location. A separate connector was underwent three-dimensional(3D)-modeling and was connected to high-luminosity LEDs and optic fiber bundles. The optical fiber logo part expressed a subtle image using a white-colored LED, which did not offset the LED's sharp luminous effects, suggesting that using LEDs with fiber optics allowed for the expression of each in harmony without being heterogeneous. Overall, the LEDs and fiber optic fabric were well-harmonized in the fashion bag using marquage techniques, and there was no sense of it being a mechanical device. Also, the circuit part was made of conductive fabric, which is an e-textile product that feels the same as a thin, flexible fabric. The study confirmed that the bag was developed as a smart wearable product that could be used in everyday life.