The study has carried out to investigate the possibility of application of the emerged-peduncle at the 2 year -old plant for ginseng breeding. In the 2 and 3 year-old plant, growth habits of aerial parts of plants that had the inflorescence showed higher vigor in leaf length, number of leaves, rate of fruitage and fertility, and roots yield than those of non-inflorescence. Generally, characteristics such as stem diameter, stem length, leaf length and number of leaves showed highly significant positive-correlation with root weight and fruitage. The trends of characteristics of plant that has inflorescence at the 2 year-old plant was shown one-year faster pattern than the plant that has non-inflorescence. As these results, selection of the plants which have inflorescence at the 2 year-old plant will provide valuable aid for ginseng breeding.
Henry Onyebuchi, Okonkwo;Godwin Ejakhe, Omokhua;Uzoma Darlington, Chima
Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
/
v.38
no.4
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pp.275-283
/
2022
A study was designed to investigate the pattern of sexual dimorphism in a plantation of Garcinia kola. Twenty trees were randomly selected for the study and have been observed to flower regularly. A total of 100 inflorescence were randomly collected from the crown of each tree and 500 flowers randomly assessed within the period of four (4) flowering seasons. Floral sex assessment was done visually and with a hand magnifying lens; floral morphometric measurements (i.e. pedicel and perianth length and breadth), inflorescence length, and breadth) was taken using a veneer caliper; number of flowers per inflorescence and inflorescence per twig was counted; while, data analysis was conducted on excel using analysis of variance and pairwise t-test comparison. Four floral sexes were identified in the G. kola plantation studied which were unisexual male flowers, unisexual female flowers, cosexual unisexual male flowers, and cosexual hermaphrodite flowers. Three tree sexes were identified viz: inconstant male, invariant female, and cosexual trees. The plantation was significantly sexually dimorphic in floral sex and phenotypic traits (i.e. pedicel and perianth size), and as well as sexually dimorphic in tree sex and reproductive phenotypic traits (i.e. inflorescence size, number of inflorescences per twig, and number of flower bud per inflorescence). The sexual system of the plantation was therefore trioecious with features suggestive of evolving dioecy through the gynodioecious pathway.
Characteristics of seed and plant growth of the nine local collections of the medicinal plant, Agastache rugosa were evaluated. Seed size of the collection from Garyungsan was larger than the others. Seeds of Damyang collection were the smallest in size. Seeds of the collections were mostly oval shaped. There were no differences between brown and black seed coat color groups in seed width, ratio of seed length to seed width and 1,000 seed weight. Stem lengths of Garyungsan and Bongpyung collections were 99.9 and 95.6 cm, respectively, and were longer than Damyang and Jindo collections. Garyungsan collection had long leaf shape. Leaf size was the smallest for Damyang collection, but was the largest for Bongpyung collection. Inflorescence length of Mokpo collection (15.6 cm) was longer than the average over all collections (12.3 cm). Damyang collection was the shortest (10.1 cm) in inflorescence. Top dry weight of each collection from Soonchun, Bongpyung, Mokpo, Jindo, and Gurye was greater than the average over all collections (20.38 g/plant). Jinju and Damyang collections had less top dry matter than others. There was no difference in the growth traits examined between brown and black seed coat groups. The brown seed group was greater in leaf weight than the black seed group. However, these two groups were not different in stem and inflorescence weight. Collections of A. rugosa from Bongpyung, Soonchun, and Mokpo were promising for commercial cultivation because of their great top dry weight, especially in leaf and inflorescence.
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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v.26
no.6
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pp.155-164
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2023
Sedirea japonica is one of the critically endangered species in South Korea mostly due to artificial harms such as illegal collection and habitat destruction. Therefore, artificial propagation through improving germination rate, increasing growth, and controlling flowering is meaningful for the conservation and reintroduction of S. japonica. It is suggested that cytokinins are one of the multi-factors that contribute to plant growth and floral responses. Especially, exogenous cytokinins have been known to induce or promote shoot growth or earlier flowering in orchids. Therefore, it was investigated how the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) influenced the growth and inflorescence of S. japonica. A foliar spray containing BA at 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was applied from 1st July to 30th December 2021. Leaf length, leaf length growth rate, leaf width, and width and length ratio were measured as growth-related factors. Visible inflorescence rate, inflorescence length, the number of flowers per inflorescence, and the distance between the stalks were measured as flowering-related factors. Growth-related factors except for leaf growth rate were not affected by BA treatments, while leaf growth rate was significantly increased by 200 ppm of BA treatment. The visible inflorescence rate increased by 200 ppm of BA treatment, and there seems an optimal concentration and threshold of BA treatment. An iterative experiment with more seedlings and measurement factors would be helpful to figure out the effects of exogenous BA treatment on S. japonica, and it can be applied for mass propagation.
Lee, Dong Soo;Yae, Byeong Woo;Lee, Yong Beom;Lee, Young Ran
FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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v.19
no.1
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pp.37-41
/
2011
This experiment was carried out to find an optimum shading level for the growth of root and shoot, and to find the effect of shading level after August on the induction and growth of inflorescence of Phalaenopsis hybrid. The shading levels were 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% of natural light($1200{\mu}molm^{-2}s^{-1})$. The $CO_2$ uptake, transpiration rate, carbohydrate content, fresh weight and dry weight of Phalaenopsis hybrid were higher at 50-60% level than the others. But, it was diminished when the shading level was increased from 70% to 90%. Inflorescence length, the number of inflorescence and flower per plant all increased under 50-60% shading level and the day needed for the flowering after treatment decreased. Especially, the induction of inflorescence was depressed and flowering is not occurred under 90% during experiment period. These results suggest that the optimal shading level for the growth of Phalaenopsis including inflorescence was founded to be 50-60% in the season of light intensity and amount of sunshine decrease after august.
Nam, Jae Ik;Kim, Mun Seop;Song, Jeong Ho;Seo, Jeong Min;Choi, Go Eun;Kim, Young Ki
Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
/
v.24
no.6
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pp.619-628
/
2021
Background and objective: Native to the limestone zones of the Korean Peninsula, Zabelia tyaihyonii is a popular plant for landscaping. As it is now classified as a rare species, the conservation of its genetic resources is necessary. Methods: In this study, which aimed to understand the morphological variation of Z. tyaihyonii, 18 characteristics of Z. tyaihyonii from five habitats were examined. Results: Of these 18 characteristics, 16 characteristics showed significant differences among sites, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 5.4% (for corolla lobe number) to 31.3% (for flower number). Notable variations were observed in the size of flower and calyx lobe. When the corolla length and calyx lobe length were used as the classification key of Z. tyaihyonii, the sites were divided into those with small, intermediate, and large values. Hair was observed on the filament of all samples, a finding which conflicts with an earlier report. Rather than classifying Z. tyaihyonii into different species on the basis of corolla length (COL) and calyx lobe length (CALL) values, we recommend modifying the species description to incorporate the variation in these characteristics of interest. Principal component analysis results showed that the first main component was highly correlated with the traits related to the size of the calyx lobe (length: 0.819, width: 0.758), and the second main component was highly correlated with the traits related with the size of the inflorescence (length: 0.790, width: 0.626). Conclusion: Several notable variations were identified among the characteristics related to inflorescence and calyx lobe. There is little genetic exchange among groups, or each group is influenced by micro environmental factors, because sites that are located nearby. In addition, the difference between COL and CALL, which is used as the classification key for Z. tyaihyonii, was divided into small group, large group, and intermediate group, regardless of the sites' geographical distance.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of growth retardant uniconazole on the growth and flowering of Cymbidium Pine Clash 'Moon Venus' and Cym. Green Sour 'A One'. Reduction in leaf length of both cultivars was proportional to the amount (0-5g) of uniconazole and growth reduction of 'A One' was more remarkable than 'Moon Venus'. The inflorescence length was reduced 18.4% in 'Moon Venus' and 15.3% in 'A One' by 5g treatment of uniconazole. There was no significant difference in flowering time, number of inflorescences and florets and size of lower sepal regardless of uniconazole treatment. It was concluded that uniconazole treatment is effective in reducing the leaf growth of Cymbidium. However, as high concentration (5g) of uniconazole reduced the growth of inflorescence causing low quality, 1g was recommended as useful concentration.
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of forms and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth and essential oil production of Agastache rugosa. Calcium nitrate had more influenced on length and width of leaves and lateral branch length than did urea. When nitrogen fertilizer level was increased from 12 kgN/I0a to 24kgN/I0a, plant growth was stimulated and dry matter of leaf and inflorescence were increased. Top dry matter of plant with calcium nitrate treatment (38.4 g) was heavier than that of urea treatment (32.8 g). Interactions among accession and nitrogen form and nitrogen rate were not significantly different for top dry matter. The forms and rate of nitrogen fertilizer did not affect estragole content. The estragole contents was higher in leaf (91.8%) than that of inflorescence (81.3%). While the essential oil content was not affected by different nitrogen forms, nitrogen level affected the essential oil contents positively by increasing dry matter. Essential oil yield was not affected by accession or nitrogen form, but by nitrogen rate. With increasing N application from 12kgN/I0a to 24 kgN/I0a, essential oil yield was increased by 95.8 %.
This experiment was carried out to find optimum ratio of $NO_3^-$ to $NH_4^+$ in nutrient solution for the growth of Phalaenopsis hybrid and find the effect of the ratio of $NO_3^-$ to $NH_4^+$ on the flower stem (inflorescence) quality. The ratio of $NO_3^-$ to $NH_4^+$ of nutrient solution used in this experiment was 100% : 0%, 90% : 10%, 80% : 20% and 70% : 30%. Phalaenopsis showed better growth when $NH_4^+$ was supplied concurrently with $NO_3^-$ as nitrogen source than supplied with only $NO_3^-$. Especially, increasing the ratio of $NH_4^+$ from 0% to 10% the fresh weight and dry weight of Phalaenopsis hybrid was highest. But, the growth of shoot and root was diminished when the proportion of $NH_4^+$ in nutrient solution was increased from 10% to 30%. Inflorescence length, the number of inflorescence and flower per plant all increased as $NH_4^+$ increased from 0% to 10% but, decreased from 10% to 30%. These results suggest that the optimal ratio of $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ in nutrient solution for the growth of Phalaenopsis including inflorescence was founded to be 90%:10%.
To better understand the morphological variation for Perilla crop in different areas of China, we studied the morphological variation in 87 accessions (84 cultivated var. frutescens and three cultivated var. crispa) from high latitude (Northeast China) and middle latitude (North and Northwest China) areas of China by examining seven quantitative and 10 qualitative characters. Analysis of the morphological variation determined that there was significant morphological differences in five quantitative traits between cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa, including effective number of branches (QN2), number of internodes (QN3), number of branches (QN4), length of the largest inflorescence (QN5), and days from germination to flowering (QN7). However, two quantitative traits-plant height and number of florets of the largest inflorescence-did not show any significant differences between cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa. In addition, significant differences for six quantitative traits were found between the accessions of cultivated var. frutescens originating from high and middle latitude areas in China, which included QN2, QN3, QN5, number of florets of the largest inflorescence (QN6), and QN7. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified five quantitative characters [plant height (QN1), QN2, QN3, QN4, QN7] and six qualitative characters [fragrance of plant (QL1), color of reverse side of leaf (QL3), degree of pubescence (QL5), color of flower (QL6), shape of leaf (QL7), and hardness of seed (QL10)] that contributed to the positive direction on the first axis. The other quantitative and qualitative characters contributed to the negative direction on the first axis. Most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens and cultivated var. crispa were clearly separated by the first axis. In addition, most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens are from high latitude and middle latitude areas that were clearly separated by the first axis, except for several accessions. The findings from this study will provide useful information towards understanding the morphological variation of Perilla crop according to geographical distribution in high and middle latitude regions of China.
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