• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of climate on indoor environment of a swine house with natural. This study was tested in the beef swine stall at Young-in, Kyung-ki do. The test was experimented for the effect of interior environment by the outdoor environment and the interior-pan. The results are as follows. 1. In test 1 ($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, without fan), an indoor air flow pattern was showed that entered from sidewall winch-curtain to went out of a indoor by the ridge winch-curtain. And the velocity of a section of the center was measured two times as large as the velocity of the floor. It is the acceleration of the velocity by thermal buoyancy. And, the entered air was rapidly dissipated by flow energy. So that in the swain livestock with sidewall winch-curtain is effected by thermal buoyancy. And the air temperature of the indoor was distributed more higher as compared with the outdoor temperature. This result is caused by the sensible heat from swine and the ventilation is restricted. 2. In test 2 (($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, with fan), the velocity of a section of the center was measured more higher as compared with the test 1. And the variance of air velocity was distributed higher as compared with the test 1. This result is showed dead region of air flow with a fan operation. And, the variance of gas density was distributed lower as compared with the test 1.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of betaine on egg production, lipid metabolism, and osmoregulation in 18-to 42-week-old ISA Brown laying hens. In experiment 1, three hundred and sixty one hens were fed a com-soy basal diet contailing 16% crude protein (CP), 2800 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME), 0.33% methionine, and 0, 300, 600, or 1200 mg betaine per kg diet. Egg production, egg weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, and egg quality were measured every eight weeks. Betaine concentration in live and egg were determined along with serum cholesterol, abdominal fat, total serum protein and albumin levels. In experiment 2, twenty thirty-three-week-old laying hens were fed the same diets as those used in experiment 1 in individual cages and the amount of feed and water consumption were measured for two weeks. At the end of experiment 2, all birds were killed to determine blood plasma and ileal osmopressure, arginine vasotocin (AVT), and liver moisture content. In experiment 1, egg production between the treatments during the first eight weeks were not different, whereas the significant increment of egg production were noticed in the birds fed more than 600 ppm betaine after reaching the peak egg production stage (p<0.05). The egg weight was reduced significantly by the betaine supplementation for the first 8 weeks (p<0.05). Feed conversion tended to improve by betaine supplement. Egg quality was not enhanced by betaine supplementation. Liver betaine level increased with betaine feeding compared to the control but betaine concentration in eggs decreased with betaine supplementation. Betaine supplementation elevated the level of serum total cholesterol and triglyeerides compared to the control. Abdominal fat content was increased by betaine supplementation, whereas liver fat content decreased. In experiment 2, water consumption significantly increased in hens fed diets containing 300 and 600 mg betaine/kg (p<0.05) and osmotic pressure of ileal digesta increased with betaine supplement. Liver moisture content was not affected by betaine, but AVT increased in hens fed betaine. The overal results suggested the possibility of using betaine as a feed additives in the laying hens beacuse of its positive contribution to improving egg production and other metabolic parameters related to lipid metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.416-431
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil chemical properties in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : The continuous application of human excrement sludge decreased soil pH up to 4.4~5.0, while other compost treatments increased soil pH compared with control plot. The EC increased initially and showed their maximum values at 20days after compost application, and then decreased up to 40 days, thereafter kept a certain level. The available phosphorous accumulated at 0~20cm depth in loam soil, and 0~50cm in sandy loam soil. Annual accumulation rates were 17% higher in sandy loam soil than loam soil. The more compost application rates and times, the higher base saturation percentage increased in upland soils. Four year's application at a rate of $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ per year increased the base saturation percentage to 87~97% compared with 45% at control plot in the loam soil. While in sandy loam soil only three year's application of same rate increased the base saturation percentage to 81~92% compared with 30.4% at control plot. The average annual increasing rate of base saturation percentage at the same application rates of composts were higher in sandy loam soil by 2.0~3.7 times than in loam soil. The application of compost increased the exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K contents of soils by 2, 2~3, and 3~5 times, respectively, compared with the control. The contents of exchangeable cations were high in surface soil, and decreased with increase of soil depths. In the case of heavy metal content, there were no difference at the application of PMC and CMC but Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu was increased a little when the HES applied, and Ni and Cr was increased application with FISC.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2012

The present study was evaluated the antibacterial effect of the combination of $Coptidis$ $rhizoma$, $Glycyrrhiza$ $uralensis$ Fischet, $Schizandra$ $chinensis$ and $Corni$ $Fructus$(1:1:1) extracts(CGSC10). Furthermore, the effectiveness of CGSC10, sodium chlorate, and the combination of CGSC10 and sodium chlorate(CGSCS10) against $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7 infection was studied using ICR female mice. During the incubation period, the dose of 5, 10, and 20% CGSC10 was inhibited the growth of $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7 by 34.7, 60.2, and 76.4%, respectively. For 7 days after single challenge with $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7, forty female ICR mice were divided into four experimental groups which were administered in drinking water with saline, 10% CGSC10, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10, respectively. On the 3rd day, the number of $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7 in mouse feces was significantly decreased by administration of CGSC10, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10 ($p$ < 0.001). On the 7th day-after administration, CGSC10, sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10 were decreased the number of $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7 by 27.1, 67.7, and 83.3%, respectively. According to the results of the present study, administration of CGSCS10 to mice can reduce the severity of $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7 infection. In addition, it is suggested that CGSCS10 represents a good candidate for the treatment of enteric infections in domestic animals.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

The present study was evaluated the antibacterial effect of the combination of Coptidis rhizoma, Lonicerae Flos, and Paeonia japonica (1:1:1) extracts (CLP1000). Also, the effectiveness of CLP1000, dioctahedral smectite (DHS), and the combination of CLP1000 and DHS (CLPS1000) against E. coli O157:H7 infection was studied using ICR female mice. During the incubation period, the dose of 10% and 20% CLP1000 were inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 by 30% and 47%, respectively. For 7 days after single challenge with E. coli O157:H7, forty female ICR mice were divided into four experimental groups which were orally administered with saline, 10% CLP1000, 10% DHS, and 10% CLPS1000, respectively. On the 3rd day, the number of E. coli O157:H7 in mouse feces was significantly decreased by administration of CLP1000 (p < 0.05), DHS (p < 0.05) and CLPS1000 (p < 0.001). On the 7th day, CLP1000 (p < 0.05) and CLPS1000 p < 0.001) administration significantly decreased the number of E. coli O157:H7. According to the results of the present study, administration of CLPS1000 to mice can reduce the severity of E. coli O157:H7 infection. Also, it is suggested that CLPS100 represents a good candidate for the treatment of enteric infections in domestic animals.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.554-564
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• 1996

Oxygen reduction in an alkaline fuel cell was studied by using perovskite of $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$(x=0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 0.20, 0.35, and 0.50) as an oxygen electrode catalyst. The changes in the catalytic properties as a function of Fe content were investigated by XRD, TG, and TPR. XRD patterns gave different lattice parameters of the catalysts. TG study revealed that Fe was so stabilized in the perovskite structure as to be hardly reduced even up to $900^{\circ}C$, and the amount of oxygen which was eliminated at high temperature increased with the fraction of Fe because Fe induced the increase of Co-O binding energy. From TPR study, ${\alpha}$-(low temperature peak) and ${\beta}$-(high temperature peak)states were observed. The bond strength of the ${\beta}$-species which was associated strongly with Co of the perovskite increased proportionally with the fraction of Fe. The ${\alpha}$-species, reversible oxygen, was the active species in the oxygen reduction. The ${\alpha}$-peak temperature which reflected the binding energy between Co and ${\alpha}$-state oxygen moved to lower temperature with the increase of lattice parameter of the catalytst due to the increase of Fe content. The decrease in the binding energy increased the activity in the oxygen reduction, but the decrease of ${\alpha}$-species with the increase of Fe content decreased the activity. The increase in the surface area with Fe content had little effect on the activity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.681-697
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• 1994

The enzymatic hydrolysate of gelatin extracted from fish skin was fractionated and recycled through the membrane reactor according to the molecular weight for the purpose of using as functional material. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of gelatin, enzyme stability by membrane and mechanical shear, and effect on the long-term operational stability of the recycle membrane reactor were investigated. Using the pH-drop technique, Alcalase, pronase E and collagenase were identified as the most suitable enzymes for the hydrolysis of fish skin gelatin. The optimum hydrolysis conditions in the 1st-step membrane reactor(1st-SMR) by Alcalase were enzyme concentration 0.2mg/ml, substrate-to-enzyme ratio(S/E) 50(w/w), $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 6.14ml/min. In the 2nd-SMR by pronase E were enzyme concentration 0.3mg/ml, S/E 33(w/w), $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 6.14ml/min. In the case of 3rd-SMR, enzyme concentration 0.1mg/ml, S/E 100(w/w), $37^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 10ml/min. Decreased enzyme activities by mechanical shear and membrane were 30% and 15% in the 1st-SMR, were 14% and 5% in the 2nd-SMR, and 18% and 8% in the 3rd-SMR, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the degree of hydrolysis in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd-SMR were 3.5%(Kjeldahl method, 87%), 3.1%(77%) and 2.7%(70%), respectively. The productivity of hydrolysate in the continuous three-step membrane reactor was 430mg per enzyme(mg) for 10 times of volume replacements.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$, fumigation disinfectant, containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against S. aureus was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. S. aureus working culture suspension number (N value), all of the colony numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial test suspentions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial test suspentions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacteria recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of S. aureus exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacteria in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacteria on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/mL, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $3.4{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL. In the bactericidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 6.43 logCFU/mL. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective bactericidal fumigant should be over than 5 logCFU/mL. The results indicated that Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$ had an effective bactericidal activity against S. aureus, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.577-586
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• 2018

We recently reported the potential probiotic properties of Lactobacillus brevis SBB07 isolated from blueberries. The present study investigates the effect of culture conditions such as temperature, initial pH, culture time, and medium constituent for industrial application. The ingredients of the medium to improve cell growth were selected by Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD) within a desirable range. The PBD was applied with 19 factors: seven carbon sources, six nitrogen sources, and six microelements. Protease peptone, corn steep powder (CSP), and yeast extract were found to be significant factors for the growth of SBB07. The CCD was then applied with three variables found from the PBD at five levels, and the optimum values were decided for the three variables: protease peptone, CSP, and yeast extract. In the case of the growth of SBB07, the proposed optimal media contained 2.0% protease peptone, 2.5% CSP, and 2.0% yeast extract, and the maximum dried-cell weight was predicted to be 2.93963 g/l. By the model verification, it was confirmed that the predicted and actual results are similar. Finally, the study investigated the effects of incubation temperature and initial pH at the optimized medium. It was confirmed that the dried-cell weight increased from $2.2933{\pm}0.0601g/l$ to $3.85{\pm}0.0265g/l$ when compared to the basal medium at $37^{\circ}C$ and initial pH 8.0. Establishing the optimal culture condition for SBB07 provides good potential for applications in probiotics and can serve as the foundation for the industrialization of materials.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1974

This paper describes how location influences on the development of dairy farming. It compares Chuncheon, which in the mountains, Daejeon, which is a transportation center and on flat ground, and Incheon, which is the gate to Seoul and an industrial city. The results analyzed are summarized as follows : 1. Incheon, due to her vast market, influenced strongly on the development of management. But shortage of roughage for feeds is the critical problem there. 2. Owing to the side job of raising chicks, which involves 92% of dairy farmers there, Chuncheon does not make smooth utilization of vast grass pasture. 3. In Daejeon's case, running orchards concurrently is the problem. 4. There exists no gap in wages between the region. The labor supply is most affluent in Incheon and there is competition with other forms of agriculture in the mountainous area. 5. The full-time employee tends to be skillful in accordance with his career. Family labor has been skillful, but the full-time employee is very fluid and shows varieties of skill. 6. Because of the obscurity of the distribution of labor with other jobs in Chuncheon and Daejeon, many unspecialized men serve. 7. The prices of milk are different in each region. The income of dairy farmers is strongly influenced by the low purchasing price of milk plants, and this is one of the important factors hindering the development of dairy farm ing in Chuncheon.