• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.47-57
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• 2015

In this research, an attempt was made to approach social sustainability of residential environments that have been studied thus far in community-oriented research in a broader perspective, with the aim to induce evaluation indicators for social sustainability of a residential environment that is oriented for enhancement of the residents' life quality. First, evaluation system of social sustainability of residential environments is divided into 6 areas that include regionality, diversity, fairness, satisfaction of diverse needs, social exchange, and participation and decision making. A subdivision was also introduced to account for evaluation properties by area. Second, regarding measurement of life quality in a residential environment, the scope of evaluation was divided into residential environment dimension, resident dimension, and management dimension which can incorporate both objective evaluation and subjective evaluation in consideration of the fact that it involves both physical environment and socio-psychological elements. Third, evaluation indicators by area were collected based on an analysis of preceding studies. For the purpose, a total of 193 indicators were extracted, including 28 items of regionality area, 26 items of diversity area, 28 items of fairness area, 58 items of satisfaction of diverse needs, 34 items of social exchange area, and 19 items of participation and decision making area. The kind of evaluation indicators have meaning in that it can be used as an evaluation tool of social sustainability that can be applied universally from the planning stage. It can be utilized as a basic data for enhancement of life quality and promotion of social values in a residential environment.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.723-731
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• 2016

A core technological base to provide enhanced data rates required by 5G mobile wireless communications is the improved bandwidth efficiency using massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. MIMO transmission requires the channel estimation using the channel state information reference signaling (CSI-RS) and appropriate beamforming, thus the design of the codebook defining proper beamforming vectors is an important issue. In this paper, we propose a multi-rank codebook based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, by utilizing statistical properties of the channel generated by the spatial channel model (SCM). The proposed method includes a structural change of the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) by considering the phase difference distributions between adjacent antenna elements, as well as the selected codevector characteristics of each transmission layer. Performance gain of the proposed method is evaluated and verified by making the performance comparison to the 3GPP standard codebooks adopted by Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2014

This paper was researched that provenance of the raw material for bronze relics excavated Cheonghaejin using the distribution of lead isotope ratio based on galena ores of South Korea. Also we want to make sure that the trace elements appearing as a by-product can be used as a secondary indicator for provenance research. In the case of the galena map of the East-North Asia (Mabuchi, 1985), data are plotted in China area. Therefore it is estimated that most bronzes were produced with lead ore from China. On the other hand, the same data are plotted in the Okcheon Metamorphic Belt and Yeongnam Massif of the galena map of South Korea (KOPLID, 2012). Also the contents of Ag and Sb are available as indicator due to separate ores from similar zone in lead isotope ratio.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2016

The objectives of this study is to develop evaluation indicators for the quantitative evaluation of construction safety culture level in order to prevent accidents by evaluating the level of safety culture and each safety culture elements of the construction site and to present the areas that should be focused on improvements. In this study, it was presented assessment indicators of the construction safety culture by analyzing previous studies for safety culture, by categorizing items as an important element of safety culture hierarchically and by reflecting the opinion of the construction site professional personnels using AHP analysis methodology. The assessment indicators of the construction safety culture were structured the details of the leadership, systems, and personal characteristics and derived weighted value by the pairwise comparison to quantify the detail assessment indicators in order to assess the construction safety culture level. This study presents a safety culture assessment indicators for the construction site to suggest directions for improving the construction site safety culture and prevent the accidents of the construction site by derived via a safety culture assessment of construction site.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.329-339
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• 2003

In this study, an approach of image fusion in decision level has been proposed for unsupervised image classification using the images acquired from multiple sensors with different characteristics. The proposed method applies separately for each sensor the unsupervised image classification scheme based on spatial region growing segmentation, which makes use of hierarchical clustering, and computes iteratively the maximum likelihood estimates of fuzzy class vectors for the segmented regions by EM(expected maximization) algorithm. The fuzzy class vector is considered as an indicator vector whose elements represent the probabilities that the region belongs to the classes existed. Then, it combines the classification results of each sensor using the fuzzy class vectors. This approach does not require such a high precision in spatial coregistration between the images of different sensors as the image fusion scheme of pixel level does. In this study, the proposed method has been applied to multispectral SPOT and AIRSAR data observed over north-eastern area of Jeollabuk-do, and the experimental results show that it provides more correct information for the classification than the scheme using an augmented vector technique, which is the most conventional approach of image fusion in pixel level.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.555-566
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• 2020

Recently, the aging of public facilities in Korea have accelerated, and the existing framework for facility management is shifting toward to facility asset management in terms of performance-based proactive control. Therefore, the operation of public facility involves both safety assurance from the deteriorated facilities and management capabilities for sustainable maintenance in the required valuation and level of service, such as valuation of facility assets, life-cycle management plans, financing, and so on. In this study, the Facility Asset Management Indicator(FAMI) has been developed for public facility asset management, and it provides the quantitative management grade, based on international standards, such as ISO 55000 series and International Infrastructure Management Manual(IIMM). The FMMI includes 10 key areas to apply a diagnosis model into management capabilities, 113 detailed elements, and 5 maturity grades. As the importance of public facility asset management is increasing constantly, this is expected to identify previously the strengths and weaknesses of public facility operating institutions. Eventually, they can obtain the effective ways to improve their own capabilities, minimize the public funds, establish the strategies for innovating the current management structures, and operate stably the facilities in the required performance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.84-95
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• 2013

Recently, to prevent damage to the landscape, outstanding landscape areas have been designated in advance. In particular, as a fundamental way to evaluate landscape elements, landscape diversity is an important criterion to assess an area with a high conservative value. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a quantitative evaluation model of landscape diversity based on landscape elements and to verify the model by applying it to the study sites. The assessment indicators derived from the literature analysis are topography, vegetation, land-use pattern, and unusual landscape. Topography diversity is subdivided into land undulation and land-form. Vegetation diversity is subdivided into plant community diversity and stratification diversity. To quantitatively analyse each indicator's diversity, SHDI was selected as the central metric. All of the quantitative measures were implemented by using the statistical tool, FRAGSTATS. Through the process of each indicator's standardization and summary, the final landscape diversity index was calculated. The results of the study are significant as it was the initial study of landscape diversity evaluation to seek applicability. However, the results of the Landscape Diversity Evaluation Model in this study based on 4 indicators synthetically demonstrate that more than one or two outstanding indicators can be underrated. Therefore, each 4 assessment indicator results should be considered individually. Furthermore, using the maximum value for each indicator's standardization reflects that it is necessary to analyse various examples to obtain higher objectivity later.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.301-310
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• 2013

To suggest a standard concerning with the arrangement of bridge equipment, the authors conducted the video observations with 3CCD (charge coupled device) cameras installed on the ceil of the bridge for monitoring the working activities of two bridge teams (the skipper/mate1 and the skipper/mate2) in a Korean coastal large trawler(gross tonnage: 139) for five days from July 30th. 2010 and analyzed of the data. Work elements coded by the work activities were input on the sheet of work analysis by the time unit of 1 sec according to the time occurred. A single work element among the work activities for every 5 minutes was denoted as the number of occurrence. The frequency of equipment usage was limited only in the usage of the equipment. In the case of the navigation and the towing net two ranks were integrated and analyzed. On the other hand, in the case of the casting net and the hauling net, two processes were integrated to as one and then analyzed separately as two ranks. As the results, 15 elements of work was carried out between two bridge teams for the observation; lookout, radar, GPS plotter, fish finder, net monitor, fishing deck, RPM indicator, rudder angle indicator, compass card, for maneuver; steering, ship speed control, trawl winch operation and external communications, paper works and others. It was found that the work load of the skipper per 5 minutes accordance with the navigation, the casting net, the towing net and the hauling net are 20.5 times, 11.9 times, 38.0 times and 9.5 times respectively, the mates are 65.2 times, 66.5 times, 85.7 times and 59.1 times respectively. The radar was shown the highest frequency of the equipment usage and the next was the fish finder, the GPS plotter and the external communications in the case of the navigation. In the case of the towing net the frequency of usage was high the ranking as the radar, the net monitor, the fish finder, the GPS plotter, the steering system and the external communications. In the case of the integrated process both of the casting and hauling net the trawl winch was shown the highest frequency to the skipper and the next was the GPS plotter and the radar, and the steering system was shown the highest frequency to the mate and the next was the radar, the ship speed control system, the GPS plotter, the net monitor and the fish finder.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to develop evaluation indicators forperformance improvement of horticultural therapy garden. In order to achieve a therapeutic purpose, the gardening activity held by the trained horticultural therapist. Moreover, horticultural therapy is 'a medical model' for the treatment and basic premise of the research was set, as horticultural therapy garden is characterized area to support activities of patients and horticultural therapist functionally and efficiently. For this study, three times of Delphi and AHP techniques were proceeded to export panels who were recruited by purposive sampling. Through these techniques, it was possible to deduct the evaluation indicator which maximizes the performance of the horticultural therapy garden. The evaluation items were prioritized by typing and stratification of the indicator. The results and discussions were stated as followings. Firstly, a questionnaire of experts was conducted to horticultural therapists and civil servants who were in charge of horticultural therapy. As results(horticultural therapists: 87.8%, civil servants: 75.2%), It is possible to conclude that both positions have the high recognition and agreed on the necessity of horticultural therapy. Secondly, Delphi investigation was conducted three times in order to develop the evaluation indicator for performance evaluation. After Delphi analysis, total 34 of evaluation elements to improve the performance of the horticultural therapy garden by reliability and validity analysis results. Thirdly, AHP analysis of each evaluation indicator was conducted on the relative importance and weighting. Moreover, the results showed 'interaction between nature and human' as the most important element, and in order of 'plan of the program', 'social interaction', 'sustainable environmental', and 'universal design rule', respectively. On the other hand, the exports from the university and research institute evaluated the importance of 'interaction between nature and human', while horticultural therapists chose 'plan of the program' as the most important element. Fourthly, the total weight was used to develop weight applied evaluation indicator for the performance evaluation of the horticultural therapy garden. The weight applying to evaluation index is generally calculated multiply the evaluation scores and the total weight using AHP analysis. Finally, 'the evaluation indicator and evaluation score sheet for performance improvement of the horticultural therapy garden' was finally stated based on the relative order of priority between evaluation indicators and analyzing the weight. If it was deducted the improvement points for the efficiency of already established horticultural therapy garden using the 'weight applied evaluation sheet', it is possible to expand it by judging the importance with the decision of the priority because the item importance decided by experts was reflected. Moreover, in the condition of new garden establishment, it is expected to be helpful in suggesting ways for performance improvement and in setting the guidelines by understanding the major indicators of performance improvement in horticultural therapy activity.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.6D
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• pp.793-801
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• 2011

Existing specifications of road pavement require contractors to meet only materials and construction conditions regardless of pavement life. There are limitation of developing road pavement technology and possibility causing dispute between ordering organization and contractor with this type of specification. Research efforts to introduce performance warranty contracting are in progress in the field of road pavement to improve the problems. The performance warranty contracting gives the contractors opportunity to select materials and construction methods as they like. But they should satisfy a certain level of performance during a given period. The performance indicator and threshold value of pavement which are main elements of the warranty specification should be defined first to introduce the performance warranty contracting successfully. In this study, the performance indicator, threshold value, and warranty duration of asphalt pavement were investigated by reviewing literatures on performance warranty contracting of some states of the US. Major distresses influencing the performance of the asphalt pavement were investigated at 24 national expressway lines and national highway lines in 16 regions, and the data were analyzed to be compared to the cases of the US. Development of rational performance warranty specification for domestic asphalt pavement is expected based on the research results.