• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2006

Recently, smart card system which is known as easy to portable and also safe from physical, electrical, and software attack is observed to manage information that becomes the target of security in safety. And java card graft upon java technology to smart card platform is having very good advantage with object-oriented techniques and also, java card have the open type OS that can show the same action in different hardware characteristic which allows various application programs. In this paper, we introduced independent execution characteristic of java platform because being set to each smart card was uncomfortable till now and we designed access control member card that allows several administrators in different access privilege by single card using java card. Several administrators can approach to various information of file type that is included on issued card to user by using different PIN. In the proposed method, confirmation of personal information, administration contents update, demand by contents, is possible by single card. At this moment, wish to do safer user certification that improve security limitation which is from PIN, used for user certification, and signature data. In the proposed method, as design and implementation of utilization technology of java card, biometrics, user certification which uses multi PIN, provide that more safety and conveniently.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2016

Background: Chronic back pain shows a high correlation with lumbar disability, physical disability for daily activities, and psychosocial factors, such as depression. Object: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of the level of pain and disability with psychosocial factors, which are potential disturbance variables, in patients with chronic lumbar pain. Method: The sample included 258 patients, who had complained of chronic lumbar pain for more than three months. The Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale was used to measure the level of pain, and a Korean version of Oswestry Disability Index was used to measure the level of disability. Psychosocial factors were measured using the Tampa scale for Kinesiophobia-11, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using PASW 18.0, and an independent samples t-test was used to examine frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation of sociodemographic characteristics and major variables. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the correlation between the level of pain and disability and psychosocial factors. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was done to determine the level of pain and psychosocial factors of functional disorder. The significance level was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Result: There is a strong correlation between the level of pain and functional disorder and psychosocial factors in patients with chronic lumbar pain. The study also revealed that as the levels of pain and fear avoidance increase, pain self-efficacy decreases. Conclusion: The results suggest that negative perceptions towards pain, limitations of physical movement, and severe fear avoidance directly affect the decrease in pain self-efficacy. Therefore, it is recommended to test pain self-efficacy when measuring the level of pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.62-69
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• 1995

We have developed the digital radiography system applied by the one dimensional multiwire proportional chamber. X-ray position signals were obtained from anode wires which were connected to counters through amplifiers and discriminators. The chamber was made of gas flow type and detector gas was P10. The threshold voltage which gives to the discriminator is independent on the neighboring channels. This improved the uniformity of the detector. Then the differential nonlineality is ${\pm}4%$. Increasing the gas pressure, the spatial resolution is about 1.4-mm at which the pitch of the anode wire is 2-mm. The object is scanned in vertical direction to take an image. The number of pixels in the image is $32{\times}32$.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2020

Human Pose Estimation (HPE) which localizes the human body joints becomes a high potential for high-level applications in the field of computer vision. The main challenges of HPE in real-time are occlusion, illumination change and diversity of pose appearance. The single RGB image is fed into HPE framework in order to reduce the computation cost by using depth-independent device such as a common camera, webcam, or phone cam. However, HPE based on the single RGB is not able to solve the above challenges due to inherent characteristics of color or texture. On the other hand, depth information which is fed into HPE framework and detects the human body parts in 3D coordinates can be usefully used to solve the above challenges. However, the depth information-based HPE requires the depth-dependent device which has space constraint and is cost consuming. Especially, the result of depth information-based HPE is less reliable due to the requirement of pose initialization and less stabilization of frame tracking. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method of HPE which is robust in estimating self-occlusion. There are many human parts which can be occluded by other body parts. However, this paper focuses only on head self-occlusion. The new method is a combination of the RGB image-based HPE framework and the depth information-based HPE framework. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method by COCO Object Keypoint Similarity library. By taking an advantage of RGB image-based HPE method and depth information-based HPE method, our HPE method based on RGB-D achieved the mAP of 0.903 and mAR of 0.938. It proved that our method outperforms the RGB-based HPE and the depth-based HPE.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

This study was conducted to suggest new development model for national & public parks by applying fascinating theme to the existing standardized development of those park. For this purpose, YeonIn Mountain Provincial Park was chosen as object of this research, which is located in GaPyeong, Kyonggi Province. The results from analysis of demand for tourism trend and development were as follows. Most of visitors(87%) come from the metropolitan area and their age are between the ages of 20 and 30. And the visitors' preference for accommodation is the independent villa style. For commercial facility, the strong expansion for food and beverage facilities and stores was needed. The future facilities and activities which they want to experience and e are health-recreation facility and ecological experience based on nature. From these results, It might conclude that we have to develop the qualified nature park with various theme focused on experience and recreation, and that we do preserve the environment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2002

As computer-related technologies have been developed, legacy design systems have not been appropriate far new computing environment. It is necessary that most of them are either modified or newly developed. However, these activities require quite much amount of cost and time. This paper presents a method of extending legacy design systems to the internet without any modification using XML and XSLT. We have been extended legacy systems in the two viewpoints. First, an XML document has been defined to present the input information of a legacy system which is executed on the consol environment - MS DOS, for example. Also, an XSLT document has been generated to transform an XML document to the input document of the legacy system An XML document is transformed to the input document by XSLT processor according to the transformation rules defined in the XSLT document. This technique to generate input documents is independent to the platform type and facilitates to link legacy systems to other systems. Second, a legacy system controller has been made to control a legacy system and developed a web service to extend it and its controller. The legacy system controller operates it automatically. The web service provides its functions to other systems via internet. We have applied the developed methodologies to the legacy gear design system 조ich calculates AGMA gear rating md made AGMA gem rating web service.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.6 no.3 s.25
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• pp.72-80
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• 2005

The number of apartments has been increased, and it is time to activate the remodeling or reconstruction. Recently remodeling has been preferred to reconstruction, because reconstruction might cause many problems. At this point of time, remodeling could save resources, preserve environment, and expand the construction market places. However, most research for remodeling is aimed to improve the financial value, and structural effects being caused by floor plan modification has not been done yet quantitatively. Remodeling naturally brings to floor plan modification, and it can cause serious problems of structural side. So we made apartments an object of study, then analyzed stress variation of structural elements according to the removal of shear wall, supposing the floor plan modification. For this purpose, we selected a sample of universal apartment floor plan and extracted floor plan modification factors. Then we applied the factors to sample floor plan and organized the results of stress variation of structural elements. As results, walls are most harmful when the independent walls are removed, and in case of slabs, it is most critical when continuous walls are removed.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2013

Approximating a divergence between two probability distributions from their samples is a fundamental challenge in statistics, information theory, and machine learning. A divergence approximator can be used for various purposes, such as two-sample homogeneity testing, change-point detection, and class-balance estimation. Furthermore, an approximator of a divergence between the joint distribution and the product of marginals can be used for independence testing, which has a wide range of applications, including feature selection and extraction, clustering, object matching, independent component analysis, and causal direction estimation. In this paper, we review recent advances in divergence approximation. Our emphasis is that directly approximating the divergence without estimating probability distributions is more sensible than a naive two-step approach of first estimating probability distributions and then approximating the divergence. Furthermore, despite the overwhelming popularity of the Kullback-Leibler divergence as a divergence measure, we argue that alternatives such as the Pearson divergence, the relative Pearson divergence, and the $L^2$-distance are more useful in practice because of their computationally efficient approximability, high numerical stability, and superior robustness against outliers.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.8
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• pp.663-673
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• 2013

The drastic growth of mobile communication and spreading of smart phone make the significant attention on Location Based Service. The one of most important things for vitalization of LBS is the accurate estimating position for mobile object. Focusing on IMU deployed in smart phone, we develop a hybrid positioning estimation framework with a combination of WPS. The developed approaches can strengthen the advantages of independent indoor applicability of IMU. The estimation of IMU is efficiently compensated by radio fingerprint based Wi-Fi Positioning System. We put a focus especially on the hybrid algorithmic framework. Compared on the existing approaches of WPS or IMU, we achieve the comparable higher performance on both of average error of estimation and deviation of errors. Furthermore test-bed based on smart phone platform is practically developed and all data have been harvested from the actual measurement of test indoor area. This can approve the practical usefulness of proposed framework.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.43-53
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• 2008

Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) over transmission control protocol (TCP) is currently used to transfer objects in the Internet. Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), an alternative to TCP, which allows for independent delivery among streams, and can thus reduce the mean response delay of web object. We present an analytical model to find the mean response delay for HTTP over SCTP, therefore, estimate the effectiveness of SCTP over TCP. Typical TCP delay models assume the wired environment. On the contrary, the proposed model in this paper assumes the multiple packet losses and wireless environment where fast retransmission is not possible due to small window. The estimated mean response time can be used the benchmark to meet quality of service (QoS) at end-user. We validate the accuracy of our model using experiments. It is shown that the differences between the results from model and those from experimental are very small below 6 % on average. We also find that the mean response delay for HTTP over SCTP is less than that for HTTP over TCP.