• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.46-55
• /
• 2021

Evaluation of drug-excipient compatibility is one of the basic steps in the preformulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Some reactive excipients have been known so far which may cause stability problems for drug molecules in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The aim of this study was to evaluate drugexcipient compatibility of gliclazide with some common pharmaceutical excipients, known for their ability to incorporate in drug-excipient interactions. Binary mixtures were prepared using lactose, magnesium stearate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, polyethylene glycol 2000 and dicalcium phosphate. Based on the results; gliclazide was incompatible with all tested excipients; but not with dicalcium phosphate. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) results were in accordance with HPLC (High Pressure liquid chromatography) data and were more predictive than FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Drug and reactive excipients incompatibility was fully discussed and documented. It is advisable to avoid incompatible excipients or carefully monitor the drug stability when incorporating such excipients in final formulation designs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 1989

This paper deals with the genetic properties of R plasmids in Salmonella originated from pigs and cattle. The plasmid DNA was examined for incompatibility, stability and fertility inhibition(Fi), and gel electrophoresis was performed for isolation of plasmid DNA. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. Among the 66 conjugative R plasmids from 44 pigs and 22 cattle, 61 R plasmids (92.4%) were $Fi^-$, whereas the remainder were $Fi^+$. 2. The Inc groups of 66 R plasmids were determined with 7 standard plasmids. Twenty-six R plasmids were classified into Inc group $I{\alpha}$, H1, H2 or F1, 40 R plasmids being not classified with standard plasmids used, and the Inc group $I{\alpha}$ (57.7%) was most frequent. 3. Inc groups $I{\alpha}$, H1, and F1 were identified in strains from swine, Inc groups H2 and F1 from cattle. 4. The plasmid DNA profiles in 16 Salmonella isolated from pigs and cattle were confirmed as being 1 to 10 fragments by the gel eletrophoresis. Their molecular weight ranged 1.0 to 90 megadalton. 5. The molecular weight of conjugative plasmids ranged 1.0 to 80 megadalton in 4 Salmonella (P-4, P-5, P-7 and P-8) isolated from pigs.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.1397-1402
• /
• 2008

As eight constitution acupuncture began to be applied in clinics, the acupuncture method and the method of differentiating constitution became widely known. However, no official principles of composing acupuncture prescriptions have been established so far. Therefore, this study examined unique and novel interpretations among a variety of theories on the composition of acupoints of eight constitution medicine. The basic principles of the general formula of unit prescription discussed in the study are that the compatibility and incompatibility of the five elements is acknowledged not in one way but in interactive way, and that when an energy shown in the compatibility and incompatibility chart of five elements is tonified, its two neighboring competible energies are tonified due to the effects of compatibility. On the other hand, two other energies which are incompatible with the energy and exist on the opposite side of it are sedated due to the effect of incompatibility. In contrast, when an energy is sedated, its two neighboring competible energies are sedated while two other energies in incompatible with it are tonified. In addition, eight constitution acupuncture could be explained as a variant of Saam acupuncture. It is unfortunate that there exist no established theory but hypotheses with regard to the composition of acupoints of eight constitution acupuncture. It is expected that young scholars will produce better results if they continue researching eight constitution acupuncture.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2017

Purpose - Domestic franchise market has been grown steadily, reaching 50 trillion won in sales and 3,360 franchise headquarters in 2014. A franchise system is an effective business system for the franchisees to lower the failure rate due to the fact that the inexperienced entrepreneurs are supported by their headquarters through the franchisee contract. However, there are also conflicts between franchiser and franchisee behind the quantitative growth of domestic franchise industry. Therefore, it is very important to structure the causes of conflicts and to examine the effect of factors on the relationship commitment and performances. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, the author divides the composite incompatibility between the franchise and the franchisee into goal incongruity, domain dissensus, and perceptual differences, and examines each dimension to the relationship with commitment and performances. To verify the proposed research model and test hypotheses, the author selected 200 franchise responses in food and beverage industry. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS structural equation modeling program. Results - The empirical findings provide goal incongruity and perceptual differences have a negative effect on the affective commitment, but not the calculative commitment. In addition, affective commitment and calculative commitment are found to have a positive effect on re-contractual intention and extended brand shop running intention, respectively. Affective commitment have a stronger effect on re-contractual intention than calculative commitment. Conclusions - First of all, the fact that goal incongruity and perceptual differences negatively affect the affective commitment, but it does not affect the calculative commitment. It means the relationship commitment in distribution channel are multi-dimensional concept that may be attributed to emotional or affective dimensions but may exist in terms of necessity or power-dependence. Second, the level of relationship commitment such as affective and calculative commitment to franchise headquarters positively affects the re-contractual intention and franchiser's extend brand shop running intention suggest that franchiser should encourage and support existing franchisee's commitment. Third, the fact that affective commitment has a greater effect on relationship performance than calculative commitment means to induce franchisee's affective commitment and to prevent the inconsistency between goals and perceptual differences.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.287-293
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of fertilization process and embryo development of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (Astragali Radix) to provide basic data needed in its breeding. A. membranaceus showed poor seed setting when self-pollination was induced. When artificial pollination was induced, it showed less than 5% bearing in late August, but more than 13% bearing from the beginning of September 4th. The flower size was about $17.0\;mm{\times}4.0\;mm$ and pistils and stamens had the same length of 15.0mm at flowering stage. When self-pollination or cross-pollination was induced, pollen tubes extended to an ovule. While pollen tube was extending to the ovule, reproductive cell split and formed two male generative nuclei and a vegetative nucleus. In the case of self-pollination, fertilized embryo was not observed, but was formed in the case of cross-pollination. A. membranaceus is noted to have zygote self-incompatibility. In the case of cross-pollination, fertilization was observed in 6 to 8 h after pollination, where apical cell derivatives split after fertilization. A spherical pro-embryo was then formed three days after fertilization. The seed attained full shape with a seed coat showing its distinctive contour 15 days after fertilization. Thus, A. membranaceus in Leguminosae family is found to have zygote selfincompatibility although its flower shape is shown to match the self-compatibility plant.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.111-117
• /
• 2015

The exam scheduling problem has been classified as nondeterministic polynomial time-complete (NP-complete) problem because of the polynomial time algorithm to obtain the exact solution has been unknown yet. Gu${\acute{e}}$ret et al. tries to obtain the solution using linear programming with $O(m^4)$ time complexity for this problem. On the other hand, this paper suggests chromatic number algorithm with O(m) time complexity. The proposed algorithm converts the original data to incompatibility matrix for modules and graph firstly. Then, this algorithm packs the minimum degree vertex (module) and not adjacent vertex to this vertex into the bin $B_i$ with color $C_i$ in order to exam within minimum time period and meet the incompatibility constraints. As a result of experiments, this algorithm reduces the $O(m^4)$ of linear programming to O(m) time complexity for exam scheduling problem, and gets the same solution with linear programming.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 1986

The mating system of monokaryotic isolates in Pleurotus sajor-caju was controlled by two incompatibility factors A and B of tetrapola mating system. The mycelia of dikaryotic isolates grew faster than those of their component monokaryons, but no correlation between dikaryotic and their component monokaryotic isolates was found. The primodia formed well on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) media not only in the dikaryotic isolates but also in the monokaryons under irradiated conditions. The dikaryotic isolates produced normal sporophores; however, the monokaryotic isolates produced abnormal sporophores when they were cultivated with sawdust substrates. Some dikaryotic isolates derived by mating between monokaryotic isolates showed high yields of sporophores more than those of parental strains. Both the dikaryotic mycelial growth rate and primodia formation number on the PDA plate showed significant correlation with its sporophore products on sawdust substrates.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.219-226
• /
• 2000

Lycopersicon peruvianum has a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) mechanism controlled by a single genetic locus (S locus) with multiple alleles. S RNases, an allelic series of abundant stylar proteins, are products of the S locus in L. peruvianum and other Solanaceous plants. The $S_{11}$ RNase gene from L. peruvianum was introduced into a self-compatible (SC) species (Lycopersicon esculentum) to examine whether the expression pattern in the heterologous host mimics that in L. peruvianum. The resultant transgenic L. esculentum plants expressed the introduced gene highly in their styles, which is similar manner to the expresion in L. peruvianum. The $S_{11}$ RNase gene was expressed in the syle at a similar stage of flower development in both transgenic plants of L. esculentum and L. peruvianum without any morphological changes.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.397-402
• /
• 2009

Self-incompatibility (SI) prevents self-fertilization by inhibiting the pollen tube growth of self-pollen. Molecular analysis has revealed that the S locus comprises a number of genes, such as the S-locus glycoprotein (SLG), the S-locus receptor kinase (SRK), and SP11 (SCR). Although molecular markers related to those genes have been developed, a simple S-haplotype detecting method has not been reported due to the highly polymorphic and relatively small coding regions. In this study, the sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were used to establish an efficient radish genotyping method. We identified the S-haplotypes of 192 radish accessions using 19 different markers, which proved to be highly reliable. The accessions were assigned to 17 types of S-haplotypes, including 8 types of SRKs and 9 types of SLGs. Since the developed SCAR markers are based on their gene sequences, we could easily identify the S-haplotypes by a single specific band, with the highest frequencies detected for SLG 5, SRK 1, and SLG 1, in order. Among the tested markers, the SLG 1, SRK 1, and SRK 5 markers exhibited high reliability, compared to phenotypic results. Furthermore, we identified the seven types of unreported SLGs using SLG Class -I and -II specific markers. Although the developed SCAR markers still need to be improved for the genotyping of all S-haplotypes, these markers could be helpful for monitoring inbred lines, and for developing the MAS in radish breeding programs.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 1998.10b
• /
• pp.261.1-261
• /
• 1998

No Abstract, See Full Text