• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.64-67
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• 2005

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.1018-1033
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• 2021

In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of flaking on the nutrient digestibility of corn grain in ruminants. In this regard, in vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen degradability, and in vivo metabolic experiments were performed. The automated gas production technique was used for the in vitro fermentation experiments. Six types of corn flakes with various degrees of gelatinization (32%, 41%, 48%, 66%, 86%, and 89%) were ground and incubated in rumen fluid to measure rumen fermentation characteristics and digestion rate. The in situ degradability of ground corn, whole corn, and corn flakes with 62% and 66% gelatinization was measured by incubation in the rumen of two cannulated Holstein cows. In vivo metabolic experiments were performed using 12 crossbred goats (29.8 ± 4.37 kg) using a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of ground corn and flaked corn with 48% or 62% gelatinization. In vitro experiments showed that as the degree of gelatinization increased, the digestion rate increased linearly, while the discrete lag time decreased linearly (p < 0.05). The effective rumen dry matter degradability, determined by in situ fermentation, was 37%p lower in corn flakes than ground corn, assuming a passage rate of 6%/h (p < 0.01), and there was no difference between the two flakes. In the in vivo experiment, there was no difference in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and nitrogen utilization among the treatment groups (p > 0.05); however, the crude fat digestibility was lower for corn flakes than for ground corn (p < 0.05). To summarize, the rate of fermentation of corn flakes increased as the degree of gelatinization increased. However, non-ground corn flakes had lower rumen digestibility and did not improve in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility, compared with ground corn. In contrast to the assumption that flaked corn provides more energy to ruminant animals than ground corn, we conclude that the digestibility and energy value of corn flakes are lower than those of ground corn if mastication does not sufficiently reduce the particle size of corn flakes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2001

In situ TEM heating experiments utilizing kaolinite powder samples result in the following facts. (1) The water recirculation system adopted in the Gatan's heating holder is required to prevent specimen drift above $500^{\circ}C$. (2) Since the degree of phase changes depends on the thickness of powders below $600^{\circ}C$, examinations of both thin and thick specimens are required. (3) Sample preparation using Mo-grids is required for TEM heating experiments above $900^{\circ}C$. At these temperature ranges the effect of heating rate and holding time on the phase transition process increases drastically, so that a programmed temperature control is required. (4) TEM heating experiments of the embedded powders by epoxy for the cross-sectional view was limited due to the severe epoxy movement during heating above $300^{\circ}C$. Better methods of sample preparation are required to overcome this problem.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.326-332
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• 2017

The effects of exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field (25 Hz 20G) on animal cells have been studied. In some reports, stimulation was performed for fixed frequency and variations in magnitude; however, animal-cell experiments have established that both parameters play an important role. The present work undertook the modeling, simulation, and development of a uniform-magnetic-field generation system with variable frequency and stimulation intensity (0-60 Hz, 1-25G) for experimentation with cell cultures in situ. The results showed a coefficient of variation less than 1 % of the magnetic-field dispersion at the working volume, which is consistent with the corresponding simulation results demonstrating a uniform magnetic field. On the other hand, long-term tests during the characterization process indicated that increments of only $0.4^{\circ}C$ in the working volume temperature will not be an interfering factor when experiments are carried out in in situ cell cultures.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.281-296
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different processing of rice on rumen fermentation in in vitro and in situ experiments. Different processing treatments (extruding, roasting, and steaming) were used in this study and all treatments were ground through a cyclone mill (Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) fitted with a 1 mm screen. Non-treated rice was considered to a control substrate. Then, all treatments were used in in vitro and in situ experiments. Total gas production and dry matter digestibility in control were lower than any other treatment at all incubation times (P<0.01). The lowest ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentration was observed in control among treatments at 6, 12, and 24 h incubation (P<0.01). Extruding had a highest total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration at 6, 12 h incubation (P<0.01) and Steaming exhibited a highest total VFA at 24 h (P<0.01). The lowest total VFA concentration was observed in control at 6, 12, and 24 h (P<0.01). In an in situ, The highest value of soluble fraction, degradation rates, effective degradability was observed in extruding (P<0.01). It was considered that feed processing increased dry matter digestibility, total VFA concentration, and decreased pH as well as $NH_3-N$ concentration indicating that processing may increase nutrient degradation of rice in the rumen.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 2008

High impact polystyrene (HIPS)/organoclay nanocomposites via in situ polymerization were synthesized and their rheological properties were investigated. For the study, two types of organoclays were used: a commercially available organoclay, Cloisite 10A (C10A), and a laboratory-prepared organoclay having a reactant group, vinylclay (ODVC). The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that the HIPS/ODVC nanocomposite achieved an exfoliated structure, whereas the HIPS/C10A nanocomposite achieved an intercalated structure. In the small-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments, both storage modulus and complex viscosity increased with increasing organoclay. A pronounced effect of the organoclay content was observed, resulting in larger storage modulus and stronger yield behavior in the low frequency region when compared to neat HIPS. The crossover frequencies associated with the inverse of a longest relaxation time decreased as the organoclay content increased. Over a certain value of ODVC content, a change of pattern in rheological properties could be found, indicating a solid-like response with storage modulus greater than loss modulus at all frequencies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.337-342
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• 2004

Previous experiment was performed under abiotic condition. Steady-state abiotic experiments in the sand-tank reactor with air flowing through the reactor headspace demonstrated that oxygen supply through the water table interface into the saturated zone was enhanced when an LNAPL (dodecane) pool was present at the water table. Biotic condition was considered in this study. Biotic experiments performed after inoculating the reactor with Pseudomonas putida mt-2, which does not grow on dodecane, indicated that the enhanced oxygen supply in the presence of the LNAPL pool also enhanced biodegradation of a solute (glucose) plume passing beneath the LNAPL pool at steady-state.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.371-372
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• 2012

We have studied lead-based gapless semiconductors, $PbPdO_2$, which is very sensitive to external parameters such as temperature, pressure, electric field, etc[1]. We have fabricated pure $PbPdO_2$, Co- and Mn-doped $PbPdO_2$ thin films using the pulsed laser deposition. Because of the volatile element of Pb, it is very difficult to grow the films. Note that in case of $MgB_2$, Mg is also volatile element. So in order to enhance the quality of $MgB_2$, some experiments are carried out in annealing with Mg-rich atmosphere [2]. This annealing process with volatile element plays an important role in making smooth surface. Thus, we applied such process to our studies of $PbPdO_2$ thin films. As a result, we found the optimal condition of ex-situ annealing temperature ${\sim}650^{\circ}C$ and time ~12 hrs. The ex-situ annealing brought the extreme change of surface morphology of thin films. After ex-situ annealing with PbO-rich atmosphere, the grain size of thin film was almost 100 times enlarged for all the thin films and also the PbO impurity phase was smeared out. And from X-ray diffraction measurements, we determined highly crystallized phases after annealing. So, we measured electrical and magnetic properties. Because of reduced grain boundary, the resistivity of ex-situ annealed samples changed smaller than no ex-situ sample. And the carrier densities of thin films were decreased with ex-situ annealing time. In this case, oxygen vacancies were removed by ex-situ annealing. Furthermore, we will discuss the transport and magnetic properties in pure $PbPdO_2$, Co- and Mn-doped $PbPdO_2$ thin films in detail.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2014

The worldwide Status-of-Art survey for the in-situ experiments of the engineered barrier system for HLW underground disposal was performed as a preliminary action for the design of the in-situ demonstration at KURT. Some nations, which have executed or is ongoing the in-situ experiments at their underground research facilities, were summarized in this review. The demonstration projects reviewed were TBT/Sweden-France, LOT/Sweden, HE-E/Switzerland, PRACLAY/Belgium, FEBEX/Spain, HORONOBE/Japan, and BCE/Canada. The investigated items for the projects were mainly their purposes, constitutional structures, test conditions, monitoring parameters and the measuring tools, and test results. In this review, the hardware design and the assembling of the test system were more concentrated rather than their experimental results, because the purpose of this review is to achieve the necessary information for the practical design of the in-situ experiment to be installed at KURT. A mid scale in-situ demonstration of EBS at KURT, that is called IN-DBES, will be launched right after the completion the expanding project of KURT in 2015. It is hoped that the structural design, installing methods, hardware equipments required in the establishment of IN-DEBS will be referred on this review.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 2007

We developed an in-situ analyzer to understand the HONO levels in indoor environments. The in-situ measurement system utilizes a diffusion scrubber and luminol chemiluminescence to measure the HONO concentration with time resolution of 4-minute. Concentrations of NO, $NO_{2}$, and HONO were determined at an indoor air of an apartment for 9 days using the developed in-situ analyzer. Indoor HONO concentrations were highly elevated when a gas range was operated. Enhancements of the indoor NO, $NO_{2}$, and HONO concentrations during combustion indicate that the observed indoor HONO was formed by direct emission. In addition to the direct emission, the indoor HONO was partially generated from heterogeneous reactions of $NO_{2}$ on indoor surfaces, which was supported by strong relationships between peak NO, $NO_{2}$, and HONO concentrations, high HONO/$NO_{2}$ ratio and a weak correlation between NO and HONO concentrations. Additionally, three combustion experiments during the whole measurement period were performed to investigate the effects of unvented and vented gas burning on the HONO, NO, and $NO_{2}$ concentrations and their decay. The decay rate of the HONO concentration was significantly less than the NO and $NO_{2}$ decay rates for all the experiments, indicating that the lifetimes of trace nitrogen species in indoor environment varied in the order approximately HONO>$NO_{2}$>NO.