• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

A fully on-chip open-drain CMOS output driver was designed for high bandwidth DRAMs, such that its output voltage swing was insensitive to the variations of temperature and supply voltage. An auto refresh signal was used to update the contents of the current control register, which determined the transistors to be turned-on among the six binary-weighted transistors of an output driver. Because the auto refresh signal is available in DRAM chips, the output driver of this work does not require any external signals to update the current control register. During the time interval while the update is in progress, a negative feedback loop is formed to maintain the low level output voltage ($V_OL$) to be equal to the reference voltage ($V_{OL.ref}$) which is generated by a low-voltage bandgap reference circuit. Test results showed the successful operation at the data rate up to 1Gb/s. The worst-case variations of $V_{OL.ref}$ and $V_OL$ of the proposed output driver were measured to be 2.5% and 7.5% respectively within a temperature range of $20^{\circ}C$ to $90^{\circ}C$ and a supply voltage range of 2.25V to 2.75V, while the worst-case variation of $V_OL$ of the conventional output driver was measured to be 24% at the same temperature and supply voltage ranges.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.160-164
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• 1995

정보통신 시스템의 고속/고밀도화 요구에 따라 개발되고 있는 ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 교환기 시스템은 팬을 이용한 강제대류냉각 방식의 채택과 시스템이 설치되는 장소에 따른 여러 환경조건에 의한 진동 문제가 발생될 수 있다. 시스템의 진동으로 인한 피해중 커넥터 접촉부에서 전기적 특성의 변화는 고속으로 전송되는 신호의 왜곡을 유발시킬 수 있어 시스템 개발시 이에 대한 충분한 연구 및 시험이 요구되고 있다. 진동환경에서 커넥터 접촉부는 접촉면의 상대운동으로 인한 접촉저항의 증가와 순간적인 신호전달 중단을 가져오게 되며, 특히 PCB/Connector Assembly에서 커넥터 접촉부는 PCB(Printed Circuit Board)의 장착 조건 및 동적 거동에 따라 전기적 특성이 변할 수 있다. 시스템에서 커넥터의 동적 거동을 이해하기 위해서는 PCB를 포함하는 시스템내 여러 요소의 동적 특성 이해와 복잡한 해석과정이 요구되며, 시스템 개발자는 진동 환경에서 이것의 시험 결과에 따라 커넥터의 사용을 결정해야 할 것이다. 커넥터의 전기적 특성 시험법은 IEC, EIA드 여러 국제 규격에 제시되어 있으며, 본 연구의 대상이 된 ATM교환기 시스템에서 PCB/Connector Assembly의 진동환경에서 접촉저항 측정과 관련된 접촉저항 임계치 및 측정법은 IEEE 규격 및 Bellcore 규격에 규정되어 있다. Bellcore에는 주어진 진동시험주기 전후에 IEC 규격의 LLCR(Low Level Contact Resistance) 측정회로를 이용한 측정법이 규정되어 있고, 냉각팬 및 주위 환경진동이 가해지는 동안의 영향에 대한 시험법은 규정되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 한국통신의 전자장비 운용환경시험 조건의 진동에서 ATM 교환기 시스템에 사용되는 PCB/Connector Assembly 커넥터 접촉부의 접촉저항 변화와 PCB 진동에 의한 영향을 시험하였다.proach)등이 제시되었고 평면파 영역에 한하여 해서되어져 왔다. 본 논문에서는 분할 접근 방법(Segmentation Approach)을 이용하여 다공 요소로 이루어진 소음기를 해석하는데 적용하였다.로 성능 및 안정도에 영향을 미치므로 주의 깊게 선정해야 한다. 방법의 실질적인 적용에는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 방법들의 단점을 극복할 수 있는 새로운 회귀적 모우드 변수 규명 방법을 개발하였다. 이는 Fassois와 Lee가 ARMAX모델의 계수를 효율적으로 추정하기 위하여 개발한 뱉치방법인 Suboptimum Maximum Likelihood 방법[5]를 기초로 하여 개발하였다. 개발된 방법의 장점은 응답 신호에 유색잡음이 존재하여도 모우드 변수들을 항상 정확하게 구할 수 있으며, 또한 알고리즘의 안정성이 보장된 것이다.. 여기서는 실험실 수준의 평 판모델을 제작하고 실제 현장에서 이루어질 수 있는 진동제어 구조물에 대 한 동적실험 및 FRS를 수행하는 과정과 동일하게 따름으로써 실제 발생할 수 있는 오차나 error를 실험실내의 차원에서 파악하여 진동원을 있는 구조 물에 대한 진동제어기술을 보유하고자 한다. 이용한 해마의 부피측정은 해마경화증 환자의 진단에 있어 육안적인 MR 진단이 어려운 제한된 경우에만 실제적 도움을 줄 수 있는 보조적인 방법으로 생각된다.ofile whereas relaxivity at high field is not affected by τS. On the other hand, the change in τV does not affect low field profile but strongly in fluences on both inflection fie이 and the maximum relaxivity value. The results shows a fluences on both inflection field and the maximum relaxivity v

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2014

Discharge measurement during flood season is very difficult. Microwave water surface current meter (MWSCM) can measures river surface velocities easily without contacting water. This study introduces its improved version, MWSCM for general use. The existing version of MWSCM is for floods so that its applicable period in a year is short. It has been improved to extend its applicability in a year. The range of measurable velocity for MWSCM for general use is extended so it can be applied during normal flows as well as high flows. MWSCM for general use can measure the velocity range of $0.03{\sim}20.0ms^{-1}$, whereas MWSCM for floods can measure the velocity range of $0.5{\sim}10.0ms^{-1}$. To make such innovation of MWSCM for general use, the applied microwave frequency of MWSCM was changed from 10 GHz to 24 GHz. Waveguide slot array antenna has been designed with the new development of the circuit of transmitting and receiving part. Improvement requests on the existing MWSCM for floods - weight lightening, measured velocity stabilization, self-test, low power consumption, and waterproof and dampproof - from the users of it have been reflected for the development of the new version of MWSCM.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.2366-2373
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• 2007

In this paper, a low-power and small-area asynchronous 1 kilobit EEPROM for passive UHF RFID tag chips is designed with $0.18{\mu}m$ EEPROM cells. As small area solutions, command and address buffers are removed since we design asynchronous I/O interface and data output buffer is also removed by using separate I/O. To supply stably high voltages VPP and VPPL used in the cell array from low voltage VDD, Dickson charge pump is designed with schottky diodes instead of a PN junction diodes. On that account, we can decrease the number of stages of the charge pump, which can decrease layout area of charge pump. As a low-power solution, we can reduce write current by using the proposed VPPL power switching circuit which selects each needed voltage at either program or write mode. A test chip of asynchronous 1 kilobit EEPROM is fabricated, and its layout area is $554.8{\times}306.9{\mu}m2$., 11% smaller than its synchronous counterpart.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.100-105
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• 2021

Recently, all-solid-state batteries have attracted much attention to improve safety of rechargeable lithium batteries, but the solid-state batteries of conductive ceramics or solid polymer electrolytes show poor electrochemical properties because of several problems such as high interfacial resistance and undesired reactions. To solve the problems of the reported all-solid-state batteries, a hybrid solid electrolyte is suggested, in this study, NASICON-type nanoparticle Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5P₃O₁₂ (LATP) conductive ceramic, PVdF-HFP, and a carbonate-based liquid electrolyte were composited to prepare a quasi-solid electrolyte. The hybrid solid electrolyte has a high voltage stability of 5.6 V and shows an suppress effect of lithium dendrite growth in the stripping-plating test. The LiNi_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ (NCM811)-based battery with the hybrid solid electrolyte exhibits a high discharge capacity of 241.5 mAh/g at a high charge-cut-off voltage of 4.8V and stable electrochemical reaction. The NCM811-based battery also shows 139.4 mAh/g discharge capacity without short circuit or explosion at 90℃. Therefore, the LATP-based hybrid solid electrolyte can be an effective solution to improve the safety and electrochemical properties of rechargeable lithium batteries.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2015

Recent underground common utility tunnels are underground facilities for jointly accommodating more than 2 kinds of air-conditioning and heating facilities, vacuum dust collector, information processing cables as well as electricity, telecommunications, waterworks, city gas, sewerage system required when citizens live their daily lives and facilities responsible for the central function of the country but it is difficult to cope with fire accidents quickly and hard to enter into common utility tunnels to extinguish a fire due to toxic gases and smoke generated when various cables are burnt. Thus, in the event of a fire, not only the nerve center of the country is paralyzed such as significant property damage and loss of communication etc. but citizen inconveniences are caused. Therefore, noticing that most fires break out by a short circuit due to electrical works and degradation contact due to combustible cables as the main causes of fires in domestic and foreign common utility tunnels fire cases that have occurred so far, the purpose of this paper is to scientifically analyze the behavior of a fire by producing the model of actual common utility tunnels and reproducing the fire. A fire experiment was conducted in a state that line type fixed temperature detector, fire door, connection deluge set and ventilation equipment are installed in underground common utility tunnels and transmission power distribution cables are coated with fire proof paints in a certain section and heating pipes are fire proof covered. As a result, in the case of Type II, the maximum temperature was measured as $932^{\circ}C$ and line type fixed temperature detector displayed the fire location exactly in the receiver at a constant temperature. And transmission power distribution cables painted with fire proof paints in a certain section, the case of Type III, were found not to be fire resistant and fire proof covered heating pipes to be fire resistant for about 30 minutes. Also, fire simulation was carried out by entering fire load during a real fire test and as a result, the maximum temperature is $943^{\circ}C$, almost identical with $932^{\circ}C$ during a real fire test. Therefore, it is considered that fire behaviour can be predicted by conducting fire simulation only with common utility tunnels fire load and result values of heat release rate, height of the smoke layer, concentration of O2, CO, CO2 etc. obtained by simulation are determined to be applied as the values during a real fire experiment. In the future, it is expected that more reliable information on domestic underground common utility tunnels fire accidents can be provided and it will contribute to construction and maintenance repair effectively and systematically by analyzing and accumulating experimental data on domestic underground common utility tunnels fire accidents built in this study and fire cases continuously every year and complementing laws and regulations and administration manuals etc.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.2 s.247
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• pp.101-109
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• 2005

Background: In sudden cardiac arrest, the effective maintenance of coronary artery blood flow is of paramount importance for myocardial preservation as well as cardiac recovery and patient survival. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the effects of pulsatile and non-pulsatile circulation to coronary artery flow and myocardial preservation in cardiac arrest condition. Material and Method: A cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was constructed in a ventricular fibrillation model using fourteen Yorkshire swine weighing $25\~35$ kg each. The animals were randomly assigned to group I (n=7, non-pulsatile centrifugal pump) or group II (n=7, pulsatile T-PLS pump). Extra-corporeal circulation was maintained for two hours at a pump flow of 2 L/min. The left anterior descending coronary artery flow was measured with an ultrasonic coronary artery flow measurement system at baseline (before bypass) and at every 20 minutes after bypass. Serologic parameters were collected simultaneously at baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours after bypass in the coronary sinus venous blood. The Mann-Whitney U test of STATISTICA 6.0 was used to determine intergroup significances using a p value of < 0.05. Result: The resistance index of the coronary artery was lower in group II and the difference was significant at 40 min, 80 min, 100 min and 120 min (p < 0.05). The mean velocity of the coronary artery was higher in group II throughout the study, and the difference was significant from 20 min after starting the pump (p < 0.05). The coronary artery blood flow was higher in group II throughout the study, and the difference was significant from 40 min to 120 min (p < 0.05) except at 80 min. Serologic parameters showed no differences between the groups at 1 hour and 2 hours after bypass in the coronary sinus blood. Conclusion: In cardiac arrest condition, pulsatile extracorporeal circulation provides more blood flow, higher flow velocity and less resistance to coronary artery than non-pulsatile circulation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

This paper introduces a 2.5-Gb/s optical receiver implemented in a standard 1P4M 0.18um CMOS technology for the applications of active optical HDMI cables. The optical receiver consists of a differential transimpedance amplifier(TIA), a five-stage differential limiting amplifier(LA), and an output buffer. The TIA exploits the inverter input configuration with a resistive feedback for low noise and power consumption. It is cascaded by an additional differential amplifier and a DC-balanced buffer to facilitate the following LA design. The LA consists of five gain cells, an output buffer, and an offset cancellation circuit. The proposed optical receiver demonstrates $91dB{\Omega}$ transimpedance gain, 1.55 GHz bandwidth even with the large photodiode capacitance of 320 fF, 16 pA/sqrt(Hz) average noise current spectral density within the bandwidth (corresponding to the optical sensitivity of -21.6 dBm for $10^{-12}$ BER), and 40 mW power dissipation from a single 1.8-V supply. Test chips occupy the area of $1.35{\times}2.46mm^2$ including pads. The optically measured eye-diagrams confirms wide and clear eye-openings for 2.5-Gb/s operations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2015

The long line fishing machine is combined with motor and two disc rollers has used on the small size fishing-boat under 1 ton located in near Jeollanam-do seaside. The long line fishing motor is controlled only one direction because the fishing line is loaded heavily at pulling up. On this paper we made the long line fishing 400W power motor controller which it was usually applied under 1 ton fishing boat, and designed the controller using PWM chip, Half bridge driver and MOSFET for one direction motor control. Furthermore some user convenience devices were added like battery indicator and safety protection circuit for battery overdischarge and battery source wire mismatch connection. So we protected the battery from overdicharging when the battery voltage was below 11.5V and fishermen didn't need to worry about source lines misconnection anymore. We confirmed the test version of controller was the good working condition at land and sea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2017

농용트랙터의 운전자는 작업, 주행으로 인한 유해한 저주파 진동에 장시간 노출된다. 이에 따라 운전자에게 전달되는 노면 진동을 감소시켜주기 위한 전방차축 현가장치의 역할이 커지고 있다. 트랙터의 전방차축 현가장치는 주로 유압식으로 설계되어 있으며 이를 구성하는 유압요소 선정이 현가장치의 성능에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 하지만, 실제와 유사한 조건에서 트랙터 차체 무게만큼 큰 부하를 제공하여 유압회로의 성능을 실험하는 것은 비용과 시간 측면에서 비효율적이다. 본 연구에서는 이를 대체하기 위하여 개별 유압요소의 성능을 테스트 할 수 있는 현가장치 유압회로 요인 시험기를 설계제작 하였다. 이를 이용하여 개별 부품의 성능곡선을 센서를 이용 측정하였고 얻은 특성값을, 구성한 유압 시뮬레이션 모델에 반영하여 실제조건의 유압특성을 얻을 수 있는 유효한 시뮬레이션 모델 개발에 활용하였다. 또한, 실험실 환경에서 유압식 현가장치를 간소화 시킨 형태로 유압회로의 성능을 예비시험해 볼 수 있도록 다양한 센서를 장착 데이터를 취득할 수 있도록 하였다. 개발한 요인 시험기는 하부에 설치된 가진 실린더를 이용하여 상부에 설치된 현가장치 실린더의 스트로크 변위와 속도에 따른 힘을 측정할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 이를 위해 현가장치 실린더의 헤드부와 로드부에 각각 압력센서를 설치하였으며 헤드부, 로드부의 압력 차이와 로드셀을 이용해 측정한 가진 실린더의 힘의 관계를 확인하였다. 상부의 현가 실린더 장치는 복동 형태로 제작되어 헤드부, 로드부 양쪽 방향으로 유량이 흐를 수 있도록 설계되었다. 이를 이용해 헤드부와 로드부 사이에 어큐뮬레이터, 가변 오리피스, 릴리프 밸브 등으로 유압회로를 구성하였으며 어큐뮬레이터 용량에 따른 힘의 변화, 가변 오리피스의 개도량에 따라서 전달되는 힘의 크기 등을 측정하였다. 하부의 가진 실린더는 사인파, 삼각파, 계단 입력, DC 레벨 등의 신호를 발생시킬 수 있도록 제작되었다. 신호의 주파수는 0~4Hz, 범위에서 사용자가 조절할 수 있도록 설정되었으며 계단응답 성능 측정 시험을 평가한 결과 정상상태오차는 0.470mm~0.536mm, 입상시간은 0.194초~0.202초, 정착시간은 0.230초~0.421초로 나타났다.