• 약학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.585-592
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• 1995

Soil microorganisms producing immunomoduators that can restore ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced suppression of the immune response were screened in vitro. Exposure of freshly isolated murine epidermal cells (EC) to $180{\;}J/m^{2}$ of UVB radiation resulted in approximately 90% impairtnent of accessory cell function, as measured by their ability to support anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T-cell mitogenesis. When the culture supenmtants of 150 actinomycete strains were exanuned for their capacity to prevent or repair the UVB-induced impairment of accessory cell function, 4 of them were identified to contain immunomodulators that can restore the decreased accessory cell finiction. The soil isolate that showed the most effective restorative activity, G40025. was selected and fturther characters Addition of 10.mu.l of the culture supernatant of G40025 grown in G-media to cultures of UVB-irradiated EC right after UVB-irradiation restored the decreased accessory cell function by 58%. The immunomodtdator produced by G40025 appeared to be stable at 100.deg. C for 10 min. Taxonomical studies by cultural, morphological, and physiological characterization showed that the soil isolate, G40025, belongs to the genus Streptomyces.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2007

For decades, the various virtues of ${\alpha}-lipoic$ acid (ALA), a natural material synthesized in most cells, have been intensively studied and proved. Recently it was reported that ALA caused significant bodyweight reduction via appetite suppression. Unfortunately, the efficacy requires an administration over 50 mg/kg. The low bioavailability and the short plasma half life of ALA lead us to explore novel pharmaceutical dosage forms using nanoparticles. In this study, the effect of polymeric stabilizers on the bioavailability improvement of ALA nanoparticles was investigated. The reduction of particle size via nano-comminution technology was successful resulting in volume average particle sizes of 320 - 340 nm. The in vitro release rate of ALA did not reflect the decrease of particle size, possibly because of the self polymerization of ALA during nano-comminution. The type of polymeric stabilizers could not affect the release rate either. However, the in vivo food intake results of ALA showed that nano-suspensions were more effective than microparticles or a salt form. The nano-suspension containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone as the primary stabilizer and polyacrylic acid as the secondary stabilizer showed more improved efficacy for 2 hours.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1331-1337
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• 2015

S-allylcysteine (SAC)은 숙성된 마늘로부터 유래된 수용성 유기황화합물로서, 여러 유형의 암세포에 대한 항암효과를 갖는 것으로 제시되어왔다. 본 논문은 in vitro 및 in vivo 연구결과에 기초하여 SAC가 세포증식, 세포사멸, 세포주기 및 전이에 미치는 세포신호전달경로와 분자적 메커니즘을 정리하였다. SAC는 Bax와 caspase-3을 포함하는 세포사멸촉진 단백질을 활성화하고 Bcl-2 세포사멸억제 단백질군을 억제하여 미토콘드리아-매개 내인성 경로를 통한 세포사멸을 초래 한다. SAC는 또한 PI3K/Akt/mTOR 및 MAPK/ERK 신호전달경로를 억제하여 NF-κB, cyclins, Cdks, PCNA 및 c-Jun의 발현과 활성을 감소시키고, 세포주기 억제단백질인 p16 및 p21의 발현을 증가시킴으로써 세포주기 억제를 유도하여 세포증식을 억제한다. 뿐만 아니라, SAC는 glutathione-s-transferase (GST)와 같은 항산화효소의 활성을 유도하여 독성물질에 의해 유도된 발암작용을 방지한다. 그리고, SAC는 MAPK/ERK 및 PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB 신호경로의 억제를 통한 전사억제조절인자 Id-1 및 SLUG의 발현억제를 통하여 초래된 COX-2의 발현감소와 E-cadherin의 발현증가에 의해 신생혈관생성과 MET의 억제를 유도함으로써 암세포의 침투와 전이를 억제한다. 따라서, SAC는 암의 예방과 치료를 위한 하나의 잠재적 화학요법제로 간주될 수 있다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2018

국내 과수 화상병은 2015년 사과 및 배에서 발생하여 큰 피해를 주고 있으나, 이에 대한 적절한 방제제는 등록되어 있지 않다. 다만 농촌진흥청은 무름병과 세균점무늬병 등 다른 식물세균병해에 등록되어 있는 살세균제들을 직권등록 시켜놓은 상태이다. 그러나 직권등록이란, 약효는 보증하지 않으면서 약해만을 보증하는 제도로, 국내에서 과수 화상병이 지속적으로 발생되고 있는 상황에서는 적절한 방제제를 선발하는 것이 요구되어지기에 본 연구를 수행하였다. 직권등록 국내 과수 화상병 방제제 중, 각각 4종의 농용항생제와 구리 합성 화학물 그리고 생물학적 방제제 2종에 대한 기내 검정법을 통하여 국내 과수 화상병원세균 억제 및 병징확산 억제효과를 검증하였다. Kasugamycin, Oxytetracycline 및 streptomycin의 항생제는 효과가 우수하였으며, oxolinic acid는 꽃에서의 억제효과는 우수하였지만 신초 및 미성숙과 기내검정에서는 다소 효과가 감소하였다. 4종의 구리 합성 화학물은 항생제만큼의 억제효과는 나타내지 않았지만, 사용가능한 수준으로 조사되었다. 또한 2종의 생물적 방제제는 처리시기 등을고려할 경우, 친환경 재배지에서는 사용 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 한편 국내 과수 화상병원세균은 선발 방제제 중 항생제 저항성 유전자들을 가지고 있지 않고,화분매개충에 대한 영향도 없는 것으로 조사되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2011

This study investigated the effect of red ginseng extract on metastasis of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Wound healing migration, cell motility, invasion, and activity, protein expression, and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were examined in SW480 human colon cancer cells. SW480 cells were cultured with or without $100{\mu}g/L$ PMA in the absence or presence of various concentrations (100, 200, or $300{\mu}g/mL$) of red ginseng extract. Red ginseng extract treatment caused signifi cant suppression of cell motility and invasion (p<0.05) in SW480 cells. Red ginseng extract inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and their protein and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) in SW480 cells. For experimental metastasis, BALB/c mice were injected intravenously with CT-26 mouse colon cancer cells in the tail vein, and were orally administered various concentrations (0, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg body weight) of red ginseng extract for 3 weeks. Numbers of pulmonary nodules were signifi cantly decreased in mice that were fed red ginseng extract (p<0.05). Plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity signifi cantly decreased in response to treatment with red ginseng extract in mice (p<0.05). These data suggest that red ginseng extract may be useful for prevention of cancer invasion and metastasis through inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 pathways.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.188-202
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• 2011

Objectives : Oxidative stress seems to play a major role in mechanisms by which ethanol causes liver injury. Previous studies have shown that treatment with Chungganhaeju-tang (Qingganjiejiu-tang, CGHJT) has protective effects on alcoholic liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Chungganhaeju-tang on oxidative stress. Materials and Methods : In vitro, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of CGHJT on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), xanthine oxidase, trypsin, and hyaluronidase, and measured cell viability, and proliferation. In the cell culture model, we measured the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) after CGHJT treatment in C34 and E47 cell lines, HepG2 cells transfected with/without the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) gene. In vivo, we measured malondialdehyde levels in the liver tissue and alcohol concentration in the blood. Results : CGHJT showed significant free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and xanthine oxidase in the in vitro study, and increased cell viability, proliferation, and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase in C34 and in E47 cell lines. CGHJT reduced malondialdehyde levels and blood alcohol concentration in vivo, as well. Conclusions : This study suggests that CGHJT has antioxidant effects on oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation and inhibiting the ethanol induced suppression of antioxidant enzyme activities.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2009

The potential of. nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Avr5, either alone or in combination with chitosan and Bion, for inducing defense reaction in tomato plants inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp lycopersici, was studied in vitro and glasshouse conditions. Application Bion at concentration of 5, 50, 100 and $500{\mu}g$/ml, and the highest concentration of chitosan reduced in vitro growth of the pathogen. Nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Avr5 reduced the disease severity of Fusarium wilt of tomato in split plants, significantly. Bion and chitosan applied on tomato seedlings at concentration $100{\mu}g$ a.i./plant; 15, 10 and 5 days before inoculation of pathogen. All treatments significantly reduced disease severity of Fusarium wilt of tomato relative to the infected control. The biggest disease reduction and increasing tomato growth belong to combination of nonpathogenic Fusarium and Bion. Growth rate of shoot and root markedly inhibited in tomato plants in response to tomato Fusarium wilt as compared with healthy control. These results suggest that reduction in disease incidence and promotion in growth parameters in tomato plants inoculated with nonpathogenic Fusarium and sprayed with elicitors could be related to the synergistic and cooperative effect between them, which lead to the induction and regulation of disease resistance. Combination of elicitors and non-pathogenic Fusarium synergistically inhibit the growth of pathogen and provide the first experimental support to the hypothesis that such synergy can contribute to enhanced fungal resistance in tomato. This chemical could provide a new approach for suppression of tomato Fusarium wilt, but its practical use needs further investigation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.4615-4619
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• 2013

Background: Artesunate, extracted from Artemisia annua, has been proven to have anti-cancer potential. Allicin, diallyl thiosulfinate, the main biologically active compound derived from garlic, is also of interest in cancer treatment research. This object of this report was to document synergistic effects of artesunate combined with allicin on osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Methods: After treatment with artesunate and allicin at various concentrations, the viability of osteosarcoma cells was analyzed by MTT method, with assessment of invasion and motility, colony formation and apoptosis. Western Blotting was performed to determine the expression of caspase-3/9, and activity was also detected after drug treatment. Moreover, in a nude mouse model established with orthotopic xenograft tumors, tumor weight and volume were monitored after drug administration via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. Results: The viability of osteosarcoma cells in the combination group was significantly decreased in a concentration and time dependent manner; moreover, invasion, motility and colony formation ability were significantly suppressed and the apoptotic rate was significantly increased through caspase-3/9 expression and activity enhancement in the combination group. Furthermore, suppression of tumor growth was evident in vivo. Conclusion: Our results indicated that artesunate and allicin in combination exert synergistic effects on osteosarcoma cell proliferation and apoptosis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2005

In vitro and in vivo effectiveness of fungicides were evaluated for the control of damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani on Panax ginseng. Fludioxonil(67 mg a. i./L), flutolanil(75 mg a. i./L), thifluzamide(35 mg a. i./L), and mepronil (750 mg a. i./L) were selected from 9 fungicides, which were based on inhibition of mycelial growth of R. solani (isolate Rh 9801) and duration of fungicidal effectiveness against the pathogen in vitro. Field trials were made twice in the year of 2003 and 2004. Experimental plots $(54m{\times}0.9m)$ of 4-year-old ginseng fields were artificially infested with 5kg and 14 kg in fresh weight of inoculum in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The fungicides were drenched at a volume of 8l in $3.6m{\times}0.9m$ with 3 replications. Fludioxonil, flutolanil, thifluzamide and mepronil reduced the incidence of damping off by $73\%,\;69\%,\;69\%\;and\;43\%$, respectively. In the 2004 trial, fludioxonil, flutolanil, and thifluzamide showed similar result as reducing the incidence by $85\%,\;84\%,\;and\;82\%$, respectively, in the plot where the inoculum was applied 2.8 times more than the 2003. The disease incidences in untreated control were $12\%$ in 2003 and $47\%$ in 2004.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.263-278
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to research trends in the study of breast cancer in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and to establish the further direction for its study. Methods: We reviewed TCM papers published in the last 29 years (1979-2008). Results: 1. We researched 49 papers and the patterns of study were as follows: in vitro studies were 27 papers (55.1%), in vivo studies were 9 papers (18.4%) and clinical studies were 19 papers (38.8%). 2. In vitro studies on breast cancer research in TCM were focused on cytotoxicity (17 papers) and apoptosis (8 papers). Most of in vivo studies (6 papers) were done for the purpose of inducing growth suppression of tumor cell after administration of the test drug. Each drug acted on this effect through various types of mechanism. 3. Unlike in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical studies on growth suppression of tumor cell were rare (4 papers). Most of the studies were focused on reduction of side effect of chemotherapy or synergistic effect with chemotherapy (7 papers), immune regulation (7 papers), and improvement of quality of life (6 papers). 4. Among the treatment method we reviewed, 'Runing Ⅱ(Ⅱ號方)' was the only medication that further studied as clinical trial after experimental study. 5. Since almost all studies have defects like poorly designed model or insufficient data description, it was difficult to make any definite conclusion about these studies. Conclusion: More subsequent clinical studies based on experimental study will be needed afterwards. Strict and high-level study design with detailed description will be needed in further study.