• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 한국환경독성학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회(Genomics, Proteomics, and Risk Assesment):환경독성 및 위해성 평가 국제 심포지움
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• pp.69-70
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• 2002

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.275-290
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• 1998

Nowadays, mankind is suffering from serious pollutions. In proportion to industrial modernization, polltional problems have been increased and arised new one endlessly. Todays, we are cope with a newkind pollution materials threatening the life of mankind with root out. It is Environmental Hormon, that is, Endocrine Disrupting Chemical(EDs). EDs was made by dioxin, PCB, DDT, cadmium, lead, ether and even diethylstillbestrol(DES) that used to contraceptive pill etc. These EDs makes changing from normal human hormon to abnormal one and it kill off or fade out spermatozoa. Then the spermatozoa was infected with EDs makes man imposex, sexual malformations and infertility also. It is the more critical phenomenons that EDs invade into the field of wild-life; birds, invertebrate animals, fishes, mammalia especially. England TV(BBC) journalist Cadury, D. introduced a lot of case studies that many kind of male animals was changed feminization by EDs in her book (The Feminization of Nature;1997). Otherwise, Gibbs, P.E. and Bryan, G. W. reported about dog-whelk snail (a sort of sea shell) was changed gender from male to female by EDs in their study. Briefly speaking, Environmental Hormon (EDs) stem from polluted materials maloperate human and animal informational codes of hormon. It is a significant event to an individual ontogeny and ecological system. To overcome these problem WHO, OECD, UNEP held many work-shops, international seminars and researches but it is not enough yet. On May of 1997, the International Meeting of Environmental Administrators makes a $\ulcorner$Declaration on EDs Problems$\lrcorner$ for solving it fortunately and NHK(japan) reported Super Critical Fluid as a new materials for decrease toxicity of dioxin in recent. Key Words : Environmental Hormon, EDs, imposex feminization, gender, DES, spermatozoa. Super Critical Fluid.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 전력전자학회 2012년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.145-146
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• 2012

Recently the problem of the fouling organisms, especially Sn-compounds is expanded to environmental problems from the chemical reaction with imposex and secondary contamination. One of the existing antifouling system, antifouling paints, is regulated from 2012, July because of seriousness about toxic substances such as TBT, mercury, copper and so on. TBT is known that causes a variety of biological inhibition in various chemicals even a very small amount of concentration. So it has been developed to replace it. In this paper, we try to develope a new system with the environmental background and the research of the adhesion characteristics of fouling organisms using a low current, high frequency high voltage pulse power, not toxic compounds.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 1996

진해만 바위해안 조간대에 서식하는 뿔소라과 2종, 대수리(Thais clavigera)와 뿔두드럭고둥(T. luteostoma), 에서 수컷의 성징이 암컷에게서 발현되는 임포섹스 현상을 조사하였다. 임포섹스는 전 조사정점에서 100% 나타나고 있었으므로 본 조사에서 수컷의 성징을 보이지 않은 암컷은 발견할 수 없었다. 임포섹스의 강도를 나타내는 상대 성기 길이 지수(relative penislength index: RPL)는 34.7%에서 81.1%의 범위에 있었다. 특히 마산만 안쪽의 조사정점에서는 암컷의 구성비가 크게 감소하고 어린 개체를 거의 발견할 수 없는 등 개체군이 임포섹스의 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 두 종의 체내에 함유된 트리부틸주석(TBT)과 트리페닐주석(TPT)의 농도를 분석한 결과 각각 0.18-1.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, 0.42-6.30 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g의 범위에 있었으며, 임포섹스의 정도는 트리부틸주석과 트리페닐주석의 체내 농도와 밀접한 관계를 보였다. s 대수리와 뿔두드럭고등의 임포섹스는 우리 나라에서 유기주석 화합물의 오염을 나타내는 좋은 지표로 사용될 수 있으며, TBT의 사용 규제이후 그 효과를 감시하기 위한 용도로도 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.67-67
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• 2003

Tributyltin chloride (TBTCI) is an organotin compounds that have been widely used as antifouling agents and bioaccumulated in the food chain. TBTCI has been known to induce imposex in female gastropods. There are several reports that TBTCI increased testosterone level and inhibited the conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the aromatase cytochrome P450 enzyme. In this studies, we investigated the effects of TBTCI on steroidogenesis in testes, We dosed to 4-week-old Spragus-Dawleys (SD) male rats with TSTCI (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20mg/kg/day) daily by gavage for 14 days. TBTCI significantly decreased the weights of seminal vesicle, prostate, cowper's gland and LABC at 10 and 20mg/kg/day but significantly Increased the weights of liver at 10 and 20mg/kg/day and adrenals at 20mg/kg/day. mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450 aromatase were decreased and mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 17$\alpha$-hydroxylase/$C_{17-20}$ lyase (P450c17) were increased by TBTCI. TBTCI significantly increased serum testosterone level in dose-dependent manner. From above results, we found that TBTCI altered mRNA levels of enzymes related steroidogenesis, weights of organs and serum testosterone levels. This suggests that change of hormone levels may be due to alteration of mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzyme in testes, but further studies are necessary to investigate hormone levels in testis organ in order to find a relation of enzyme related to steroidogenesis with hormone levels. This work was supported by the Korea FDA Grant KFDA-03131-EDS-010.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2001

Seawater, sediment and biota in the Kwangyang Bay were analyzed by gas chromatography/quartz furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-QFAAS) to investigate concentrations and distribution pattern of butyltin compounds (TBT, DBT, MBT) during February, April and July, 1996, Marine biota analyzed were Tapes japcnicus and Crassostrea gigas. The concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in seawater were in the range of ND-15.7 ng/L for the surface and ND-68.5 ng/L for the bottom. The highest concentration of TBT in seawater was detected in April for the both, surface and bottom water. The maximum value of $TBT_{(bottom)}/TBT_{(surface)}$, 3.6 in April showed the increased input of TBT from the surface water in April compared to February (2.1) and July (0.9). The concentrations of TBT in the sediment were in the range of ND-8.5 ng/g dry wt. The highest concentration of TBT in the sediment was measured in July, This result seems to attributed to the removal of TBT from water column via sorption onto particulate matters to the relatively undisturbed underlying sediment and increased input of TBT by increased fluxes of detritus of marine plankton after spring bloom, in July. The mean values of partitioning coefficient ($K_d$) of TBT between seawater and sediment were $3.0\times10^3$(February), $7.4\times10^3$(April) and $9.4\times10^3$(July). The concentrations of TBT in biosamples were in the range of ND-93.30 ng/g dru wt. (T. japonicus) and ND-138.53 ng/g dry wt. (C. gigas). The seasonal variation of TBT contents in biota was remarkable. The $K_d$ (biological concentration factor) was $7-41\times10^3$ for T. japonicus. and $5-34\times10^3$ for C. gigas. The measured TBT concentrations in seawater in the study area was sufficient to cause the imposex of shellfish and to retard the growth of aquatic organisms including oyster upon chronic exposure.