• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1287-1293
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• 2011

The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) was isolated from mycelial cultures of Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus and purified by DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. The purified EPS (EPS-2-1) was composed of only glucose units and its molecular mass was 6.95 kDa. The chemical structure of EPS-2-1 consisted of a main chain containing ($1{\rightarrow}4$)-Glcp units with branches at the C-6 position of the chain carrying-Glcp-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-linked residues. The effect of purified EPS on immunomodulatory genes and proteins of the Bcl-2 family was observed using cultured U937 human leukemia cells. Of note, the levels of Bax and Bad proteins treated with the EPS (4 mg/ml) were approximately 23- and 18-times higher than those in non-treated cells, respectively. These results may suggest that the EPS purified from the mushroom L. sulphureus is associated with the activation of immunomodulatory mediators, Bax and Bad proteins.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1995년도 제3회 추계심포지움
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• pp.39-40
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• 1995

Thymopoietin(TP) was originally isolated from bovine thymic extracts on the basis of its ability to affect neuromuscular transmission when injected into mice (Goldstein, 1974). A 49 amino acid polypeptide was isolated and sequenced (Schlesinger and Goldstein, 1975). It is now evident that this molecule was created by proteolytic cleavage of larger thymopoietin proteins during isolation, and represents the N-terminal sequence of these proteins. Nevertheless, this proteolytic fragment was active in both neurophysiological and immunological experiments, and enabled the identification of an active pentapeptide. (amino acids 32 to 36, Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr, thymopentin), which. has been studied as an immunomodulatory drug.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1873-1881
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• 2019

The innate immune response serves as a first-line-of-defense mechanism for a host against viral infection. Viruses must therefore subvert this anti-viral response in order to establish an efficient life cycle. In line with this fact, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes numerous genes that function as immunomodulatory proteins to antagonize the host immune system. One such mechanism through which KSHV evades the host immunity is by encoding a viral homolog of cellular interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs), known as vIRFs. Herein, we summarize recent advances in the study of the immunomodulatory strategies of KSHV vIRFs and their effects on KSHV-associated pathogenesis.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2010

In addition to the nutritional values, milk has a wide range of bioactive compounds which have been found to be increasingly important for physiological and biochemical functions on human metabolism and health. Bioactive components in milk comprise specific proteins, peptides, lipids and carbohydrates. Especially, milk proteins are known to exert a wide range of nutritional, functional, and biological activities. And milk proteins are considered the most important source of bioactive peptides, including antihypertensive, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and opioid peptides. Many ingredients containing specific bioactive peptides derived from milk protein hydrolysates have been launched on the market and are currently under development. In future studies more emphasis should be given to the health-promoting effect in the well-defined human clinical studies for the successful development of function foods based on the milk-derived bioactive components.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.453-457
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• 2020

The right-handed double-helical structure of DNA (B-DNA), which follows the Watson-Crick model, is the canonical form of DNA existing in normal physiological settings. Even though an alternative left-handed structure of DNA (Z-DNA) was discovered in the late 1970s, Z-form nucleic acid has not received much attention from biologists, because it is extremely unstable under physiological conditions, has an ill-defined mechanism of its formation, and has obscure biological functions. The debate about the physiological relevance of Z-DNA was settled only after a class of proteins was found to potentially recognize the Z-form architecture of DNA. Interestingly, these Z-DNA binding proteins can bind not only the left-handed form of DNA but also the equivalent structure of RNA (Z-RNA). The Z-DNA/RNA binding proteins present from viruses to humans function as important regulators of biological processes. In particular, the proteins ADAR1 and ZBP1 are currently being extensively re-evaluated in the field to understand potential roles of the noncanonical Z-conformation of nucleic acids in host immune responses and human disease. Despite a growing body of evidence supporting the biological importance of Z-DNA/RNA, there remain many unanswered principal questions, such as when Z-form nucleic acids arise and how they signal to downstream pathways. Understanding Z-DNA/RNA and the sensors in different pathophysiological conditions will widen our view on the regulation of immune responses and open a new door of opportunity to develop novel types of immunomodulatory therapeutic possibilities.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.831-840
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• 2015

Functionally and physiologically active peptides are produced from several food proteins during gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation of food materials with lactic acid bacteria. Once bioactive peptides (BPs) are liberated, they exhibit a wide variety of physiological functions in the human body such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. These functionalities of the peptides in human health and physiology include antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidative, antithrombotic, opioid, anti-appetizing, immunomodulatory and mineral-binding activities.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

The human microbiome is known to play an essential role in influencing host health. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also been reported to act on a variety of signaling pathways, distally transport cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid, and have immunomodulatory effects. Here we shall review the current understanding of the intersectionality of the human microbiome and EVs in the emerging field of microbiota-derived EVs and their pharmacological potential. Microbes secrete several classes of EVs: outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), membrane vesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies. EV biogenesis is unique to each cell and regulated by sophisticated signaling pathways. EVs are primarily composed of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and recent evidence suggests they may also carry metabolites. These components interact with host cells and control various cellular processes by transferring their constituents. The pharmacological potential of microbiome-derived EVs as vaccine candidates, biomarkers, and a smart drug delivery system is a promising area of future research. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate in detail the mechanisms of microbiome-derived EV action in host health in a multi-disciplinary manner.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2016

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acids that have been widely used to deliver macromolecules such as proteins, peptides, DNA, or RNA, to control cellular behavior for therapeutic purposes. CPPs have been used to treat immunological diseases through the delivery of immune modulatory molecules in vivo. Their intracellular delivery efficiency is highly synergistic with the cellular characteristics of the dendritic cells (DCs), which actively uptake foreign antigens. DC-based vaccines are primarily generated by pulsing DCs ex vivo with various immunomodulatory antigens. CPP conjugation to antigens would increase DC uptake as well as antigen processing and presentation on both MHC class II and MHC class I molecules, leading to antigen specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses. CPP-antigen based DC vaccination is considered a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy due to the enhanced CTL response. In this review, we discuss the various applications of CPPs in immune modulation and DC vaccination, and highlight the advantages and limitations of the current CPP-based DC vaccination.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권8호
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• pp.817-820
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• 2003

목 적 : IVIG은 다양한 면역 질환에서 면역 조절제로 사용되고 있다. 가와사끼병에서 고용량의 IVIG 투여가 단백과 지질을 포함한 다양한 생화학적 지표에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : IVIG(2 g/kg)을 투여받은 12 명의 가와사끼병 환아에 대해 IVIG 투여 전, 2시간, 24시간 및 7일 후에 혈청을 분리하고 $-20^{\circ}C$에 냉동보관하였다. 대조군으로 20명의 같은 연령군의 건강한 아동 혈청을 이용하였다. 결 과 : 알부민은 IVIG 투여 2시간 및 24시간 후 유의한 감소를 보였으며, 7일 후에는 투여 전 수준으로 회복되었다. 총 콜레스테롤과 트리글리세라이드는 7일 후 증가하는 경향을 보였다. HDL-콜레스테롤과 CRP 치는 IVIG 투여 2시간과 24시간 후 유의한 감소를 보였다. 결 론: 가와사끼병 환아에 투여된 고용량의 IVIG는 단시간 내에 단백 지표들과 HDL-콜레스테롤 치의 변화를 가져온다. HDL-콜레스테롤의 변화는 전신적인 단백 대사의 변화에 의할 것으로 보인다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1797-1808
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• 2020

Objective: This study assessed the effects of probiotics on cecal microbiota, gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and immune response in the cecal tonsil of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Methods: One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 240) were randomly allocated to four treatments: negative control (Cont), multi-strain probiotic-treated group (Pro), Salmonella-infected group (Sal), and multi-strain probiotic-treated and Salmonella-infected group (ProSal). All chickens except those in the Cont and Pro groups were gavaged with 1×10⁸ cfu/mL of S. enterica subsp. enterica 4 days after hatching. Results: Our results indicated that body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of birds were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by Salmonella challenge. Chickens challenged with Salmonella decreased cecal microbial diversity. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited abundant Proteobacteria than those in the Cont, Pro, and ProSal groups. Salmonella infection downregulated gene expression of Occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), and Mucin 2 in the jejunum and Occludin and Claudin in the ileum. Moreover, the Sal group increased gene expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) and reduced levels of transforming growth factor-β4 and IL-10 compared with the other groups (p<0.05). However, chickens receiving probiotic diets increased Lactobacillaceae abundance and reduced Enterobacteriaceae abundance in the ceca. Moreover, supplementation with probiotics increased the mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO1, and Mucin 2 in the ileum (p<0.05). In addition, probiotic supplementation downregulated the mRNA levels of IFN-γ (p<0.05) and LITAF (p = 0.075) and upregulated IL-10 (p = 0.084) expression in the cecal tonsil. Conclusion: The administration of multi-strain probiotics modulated intestinal microbiota, gene expression of tight junction proteins, and immunomodulatory activity in broiler chickens.