• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• 제99권4호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2024

In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria lung disease (NTM-LD) has been increasing worldwide. In Korea, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus complex account for most common cause of NTM-LD. It is essential to elucidate the pathophysiology of NTM-LD. The pathophysiology of NTM-LD has not been fully understood, however, it can be divided into bacterial and host-side factor. Among the host factor, innate immunity plays an essential role in the initial host immune response against intracellular non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and adaptive immunity also has a role. However, the role of these immunity in mycobacterial disease has been mainly studied in tuberculosis, but studies on its role in NTM are limited. In this review, I focus on NTM innate and adaptive immunity, the role of macrophages and neutrophils, and host interaction in NTM infection.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2004

Background: Disialoganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed on tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin, such as melanoma, small cell lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma. Immunity against GD2 has anti-tumor activities, but GD2 is poorly immunogenic. Anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic GD2 may induce more effective immune responses than GD2 antigen itself, because they are protein antigens and are known to be able to break immune tolerance. In our previous study, we produced anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking GD2 (3A4 and 3H9), which induced humoral immunity. However, cellular immunity is essential to eradicate tumor cells in vivo as well as humoral immunity. In the present study, we investigated whether these anti-idiotypic antibodies 3A4 and 3H9 could induce cellular immunes responses. Methods: BALB/C mice were immunized with anti-idiotypic antibody 3A4 or 3H9, or normal mouse IgG as a negative control. Lymphoproliferative responses, cytokine production responses, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions were measured in mice immunized with the anti-idiotypic antibodies. Results: Both the anti-idiotypic antibody 3A4 and 3H9 induced GD2-specific lymphoproliferative responses and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production of lymph node lymphocytes in BALB/C mice. Only anti-idiotypic antibody 3H9 induced significant GD2-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mice. Conclusion: These results show that anti-idiotypic antibodies 3A4 and 3H9 have the potentiality of inducing GD2-specific cellular immune responses that cannot be induced by the native antigen GD2 itself.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.483-494
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutritional status on the cell-mediated and humoral immunity in female college students. The nutritional status of twenty subjects was determined by six-days food records, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments of serum nutrients. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity of the subjects was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro assessments. The results were summerized as follows : First, The average daily energy intake was 1437Kcal(CHO : PRO : FAT = 61:13:26), which corresponds to 71.9% of RDA. Anthropometric measurements showed that 50% of the subjects was under-weight(BMI<20), only 5% was over-weight(25

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2011

It is already known that high concentration of vitamin C induces apoptosis on tumor cells. However, there is no report regarding the function of vitamin C on the modulation of immune susceptibility of cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether vitamin C can modulate immune susceptibility of tumor cells, especially on the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis. First, the optimal concentration of vitamin C, which cannot induce damages on tumor cells for 36 hrs. We found that 2 mM of vitamin C did not show harmful effect. In addition, the optimal concentration of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs was examined. As a result, 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs did not induce apoptosis on tumor cells. Next, we tried to find the effect of 2 mM of vitamin C on the modulation of the susceptibility to agonistic anti-Fas Abs. When tumor cells were cultured with 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs, after pre-treatment with 2 mM of vitamin C for 24 hrs, viability of cells was decreased. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I was increased by the treatment of vitamin C. Taken together, vitamin C increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to anti-Fas Abs and the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I on tumor cells.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.633-636
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 차량용 전장품의 복사내성 시험에 적합한 균일장 측정방법에 대해 연구하였다. 복사내성 평가는 전자파 방해원에 대해 시험품이 충분한 내성을 가지고 정상적인 동작을 하는지 확인하는 평가이다. 복사내성 평가 중 시험품과 하네스의 균일한 전계형성을 위해 균일장 검증은 필수적이나 차량용 전장품의 복사내성 평가규격인 ISO 11452-2에는 균일장 측정에 대한 명시가 없다. 이에 균일장 측정 방법이 명시된 타 국제 규격과의 비교/분석을 하였고, 그 결과 시험 방법과 차량 전장품에 적용되는 평가 환경의 상이함으로 인해 편차가 발생함을 확인 하였다. 본 논문에서는 차량 전장품의 복사내성 평가 환경이 고려된 균일장 측정방법을 제안하고 실제 측정을 통한 검증을 통해 타당성을 확인하고자 한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2017

The host immune system is the first line of host defense, consisting mainly of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity must be maintained, orchestrated, and harmonized, since overactivation of immune responses can lead to inflammation and autoimmune diseases, while immune deficiency can lead to infectious diseases. We investigated the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cell activation by Artemisia capillaris and its components (ursolic acid, hyperoside, scopoletin, and scopolin). Macrophage phagocytic activity was determined using fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli, as an indicator of innate immune activation. Concanavalin A (ConA)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced splenocyte proliferation was analyzed as surrogate markers for cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, respectively. Neither A. capillaris water extract (WAC) nor ethanol extract (EAC) greatly inhibited macrophage phagocytic activity. In contrast, WAC suppressed ConA- and LPS-induced proliferation of primary mouse splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, EAC inhibited ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Oral administration of WAC in mice decreased ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation, while that of EAC suppressed LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Repeated administration of WAC in mice inhibited ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Ursolic acid, scopoletin, and scopolin reduced ConA- and LPS-induced primary mouse splenocyte proliferation, while hyperoside did not show such activity. These results indicate that A. capillaris and its components, ursolic acid, scopoletin, and scopolin, suppress ConA- and LPS-induced adaptive immune cell activation. The results suggest that A. capillaris is useful as a regulator of adaptive immunity for diseases involving excessive immune response activation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.21
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• 2024

The cytokine IL-7 plays critical and nonredundant roles in T cell immunity so that the abundance and availability of IL-7 act as key regulatory mechanisms in T cell immunity. Importantly, IL-7 is not produced by T cells themselves but primarily by non-lymphoid lineage stromal cells and epithelial cells that are limited in their numbers. Thus, T cells depend on cell extrinsic IL-7, and the amount of in vivo IL-7 is considered a major factor in maximizing and maintaining the number of T cells in peripheral tissues. Moreover, IL-7 provides metabolic cues and promotes the survival of both naïve and memory T cells. Thus, IL-7 is also essential for the functional fitness of T cells. In this regard, there has been an extensive effort trying to increase the protein abundance of IL-7 in vivo, with the aim to augment T cell immunity and harness T cell functions in anti-tumor responses. Such approaches started under experimental animal models, but they recently culminated into clinical studies, with striking effects in re-establishing T cell immunity in immunocompromised patients, as well as boosting anti-tumor effects. Depending on the design, glycosylation, and the structure of recombinantly engineered IL-7 proteins and their mimetics, recombinant IL-7 molecules have shown dramatic differences in their stability, efficacy, cellular effects, and overall immune functions. The current review is aimed to summarize the past and present efforts in the field that led to clinical trials, and to highlight the therapeutical significance of IL-7 biology as a master regulator of T cell immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.591-599
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• 2008

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with pCIgB induced strong PrV-specific IgG responses in serum but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Mucosal delivery through intranasal (i.n.) immunization of pCIgB induced both systemic and mucosal immunity at the distal mucosal site. However, the levels of systemic immunity induced by i.n. immunization were less than those induced by i.m. immunization. Moreover, i.n. genetic transfer of pCIgB appeared to induce Th2-biased immunity compared with systemic delivery, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes and Th1- and Th2-type cytokines produced by stimulated T cells. Moreover, the immunity induced by i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against i.n. challenge of a virulent PrV strain, whereas i.m. immunization produced resistance to viral infection. Therefore, although i.n. immunization was a useful route for inducing mucosal immunity at the virus entry site, i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against the lethal infection of PrV.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.8-11
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• 2009

There is mounting evidence that autophagy is involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes that have immense relevance in human development, diseases and aging. Immunity and inflammation are not exceptions. Here, the role of autophagy in the control of immune processes particularly that related to cell death and inflammation is discussed.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2020

20세기 초부터 비상업용 정부선박의 법적 지위에 대한 검토와 법제화가 이루어졌다. 특히 전통적 국제법상의 절대적 주권면제이론에 대한 비판이 발생하고, 이에 대한 대체 이론으로 제한적 주권면제이론이 등장하면서 주권면제이론은 더욱 구체화 되었다. 국제관습법 및 국제해양법에서는 군함과 함께 비상업용 정부선박에 대한 주권면제를 규정하고 있다. 이러한 주권면제와 관련하여 고려되어야 하는 것이 우리나라 국립대학의 실습선이다. 우리나라 국립대학은 고급해기사 양성 및 어업 실습 등의 교육목적으로 실습선 및 조사선을 건조하여 운용하고 있다. 이러한 실습선은 국내 관할수역 뿐만 아니라 타국의 관할수역 및 공해까지를 활동범위로 하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 타국의 항구에도 입항하고 있다. 따라서 국제법상 국립대학 실습선의 법적지위를 명확하게 하는 것은 국제 항행에 있어 중요한 요소 중에 하나라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 실습선이 어떠한 법적 지위를 누리느냐에 대해서는 단순히 답할 수 없는 요소들이 다수 존재한다. 이에 본 논문은 국제법상 비상업용 정부선박의 개념 및 의의에 대해 살펴보고, 국립대학 실습선이 이와 일치하는지에 대해 검토하였다. 또한 전통 국제법상의 주권면제 범위와 현행 국제협약상의 주권면제에 대한 규정을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 국립대학 실습선이 해양에서 누릴 수 있는 주권면제의 범위에 대해 살펴보았다.