• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.638-644
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• 2016

To examine the utilization possibility of defective coffee beans, non-defective and defective coffee bean were compared by means of its physiochemical properties and antioxidant capacities measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, total phenol contents, functional component (trigonelline, caffeine, chlorogenic acid) contents. After roasting process, pH and soluble solid contents of coffee extracts decreased; $L^*$ value decreased while $a^*$ and $b^*$ values increased. DPPH radical scavenging activities of defective green bean extracts were higher than that of non-defective green bean extracts. Immature green bean extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In FRAP assay, green bean extracts ranged from 15.28~21.80 mM TE which was higher than roasted bean extracts which showed 14.81~16.38 mM TE. Total phenol contents of green bean extracts ranged 191.06~256.25 mg% GAE which was higher than that of roasted bean extracts showed 161.91~173.44 mg% GAE. The contents of trigonelline, caffeine, chlorogenic acid in immature green bean extract were the highest, which showed 895.20 mg/L, 825.85 mg/L and 3,836.94 mg/L respectively. Each contents were decreased after roasting process. Results of this study suggest that defective coffee bean can be used as a functional food material.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.64-67
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• 2001

Snap bean is a new corp in Korea but believed to have a great deal of potentials for both domestic and overseas markets. The present study was performed to obtain the basic information about growth- and quality-related characteristics and to determinate the optimum seeding date and harvesting time for snap bean. Pod yield was significantly affected by seeding date. The highest pod yield was obtained from March 20 for determinate type and April 4 for indeterminate one, respectively, with the range of 13.0-23.7 t/ha. The pod length of indeterminate type was over 13cm, and the pod length was over 5 grams. The pod width for tested varieties was less than 1.0cm. Considering the pod growth characters such as pod length, pod width, and pod weight, the optimum harvesting time for immature pods of snap bean was supposed to be from 15 to 20 days after flowering. The daily yield of snap bean was begun to sharply increase from 15 days after the first flowering and the maximum yield was recorded at 30 days after flowering. For the accumulated yield, nearly 90% of total yield was obtained in 42 days after flowering.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.607-611
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• 2012

Non-toxic stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs), which are central immunomodulators, may aid the prevention of cancer. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by anticancer agents contributes to the induction of DC maturation. We previously reported that extracts from $Pinus$ $parviflora$ Sieb. et Zucc pine cone and $Mucuna$ seed induce differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells into mature dendritic cells and also induce apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we screened 31 kinds of edible beans with biological activity similar to that of extracts from pine cone and $Mucuna$ and found that the heat-stable extract from azuki bean ($Vigna$ $angula$) stimulated differentiation of bone marrow cells into immature DCs with the greatest efficacy. The level of IL-6 produced by sequential treatment of DCs with azuki extract and lipopolysaccharide was the highest among the examined beans. Azuki extract also inhibited the growth of human leukemia U937 cells, leading to induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that azuki bean and its extract are immunopotentiating foods that can be used as a dietary supplement for cancer prevention and immunotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2004

The selective toxicity of spirodiclofen and fluacrypyrim+tetradifon to the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and the tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai was evaluated. The bean leaf discs with adult females or eggs of both species were sprayed with several concentrations of spirodiclofen or fluacrypyrim+tetradifon. Spirodiclofen and fluacrypyrim+tetradifon were much less toxic to P. persimilis than to T. kanzawai. Although the survival rate of adult females of P. persimilis tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of spirodiclofen, 92-68% of predators survived at concentrations of 22.5-180 ppm. Likewise, reproduction was reduced with increasing spirodiclofen concentration. Spirodiclofen did not affect the hatch of P. persimilis eggs. Survival of immature predators decreased with increasing spirodiclofen concentration, however, 88-20% of immature predators reached adulthood at 22.5-90 ppm. In the case of fluacrypyrim+tetradifon, the survival rate of adult females of P. persimilis tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of fluacrypyrim+tetradifon. However, 94-72% of predators remained alive at concentrations of 22.5-180 ppm. Likewise, reproduction was reduced with increasing fluacrypyrim+tetradifon concentration. Fluracypyrim+tetradifon did not affect the hatch of P. persimilis eggs. Survival of immature predators decreased with increasing fluacrypyrim+tetradifon concentration, however, 100-86% of immature predators reached adulthood at 22.5-180 ppm. Based on the results, spirodiclofen and fluacrypyrim+tetradifon appeared to be promising candidates for use in integrated mite management programs where P. persimilis is the major natural enemy.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 1996

The selective tox\ulcornercity of fenpyroximate to the predatory mite Amblyseius womersleyi and the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae was evaluated. Adult females and eggs of both species were placed on bean leaf dis~sd ipped in several concentrations of fenpyroximate. Fenpyroximate was much less toxic to A. womersleyi than to T. urticae. Although the survival of adult females of A. womersleyi tended to decrease with increasing fenpyroximate concentration, 58-74% of predators remained alive at concentrations of 6.25-50 ppm. However, reproduction of predators was not significantly reduced at any of the concentrations tested. At 6.25-50 ppm, 32-40% of twospotted spider mite adult females survived but all survivors were immobilized. Moreover, reproduction of twospotted spider mites was reduced with increasing fenpyroximate concentration. Fenpyroximate did not affect the hatch of A. womersleyi eggs or the development of immature predators. Although survival of immature predators decreased with increasing fenpyroximate concentration, 16-48% of immature predators reached adulthood at 6.25-50 ppm. However, all immature spider mites failed to develop to adulthood at 6.25-50 ppm. Adult female predators survived on a diet of twospotted spider mites intoxicated with fenpyroximate, and their fecundity and sex-ratio of the progeny were not substantially affected. Fenpyroximate at selective sublethal concentrations (6.25-12.5 ppm), therefore, could be of value in adjusting predatorlprey ratio in integrated management of twospotted spider mites.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 1992

The growth of weeds and some other plants has been considered to be inhibited by sicklepod(Cassia tora L.) sharing the habitat. The study was conducted, for the first time, to propose that this phenomenon is not only due to competition for physical and nutritional conditions but also due to allelopathy. In addition, autotoxicity of sicklepod was examined. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Rice sheath length reduced progressively from 18 % to 36 % with increasing the concentration of treating aqueous extracts of sickle pod seeds, but rice germination was not affected. In contrast, radish hypocotyl length was not reduced by the aqueous extract treatment but radish germination was significantly reduced by 66 % at 1 : 10 and 1 : 5 treatment. 2. Total chlorophyll contents in rice seedling decreased from 50 % to 65 % by treatment of seed aqueous extracts diluted from 1 : 50 to 1 : 5 ratio. 3. Aqueous extracts of sicklepod leaves significantly reduced hypocotyl length and fresh weight in radish and germination in rice, but mung bean was slightly affected by aqueous extracts only in fresh weight. 4. Volatiles from fresh, immature seeds with husk reduced the radish germination and seedling growth and radish root growth appeared to be more sensitive to the exposure to volatiles from fresh immature seeds than both germination and hypocotyl growth. 5. Volatiles from sickepod leaves inhibited germination and growth of radish, rice and mung bean, and seedling growth was more sensitive to volatiles from leaves than germination. 6. Volatiles from sicklepod leaves reduced germination and radicle length of sicklepod itself. 7. Collectively, it is concluded that there are water-soluble and volatile substances responsible for allelopathy in sicklepod.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2008

The bean pyralid, Omiodes indicatus (Fabricius), moulted 4 times during larval period. When temperature increased from 15 to 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$, the developmental period of immature stages was shortened; 18.2, 7.5, 5.0, and 4.1 days of egg period; 51.8, 20.0, 12.7, and 9.9 days of larval period; 29.5, 12.0, 8.0, and 5.9 days of pupal period, respectively. Adult longevity was 16.0, 14.7, 11.2, and 7.5 days at respective temperatures. A female adult layed 57.0, 63.3, 82.2, and 31.7 eggs in 3.7, 6.0, 5.8, and 3.0 days of oviposition period at the same temperature regimes, respectively. Field survey in 2006 and 2007 showed that leaf damage on paddy field and upland soybeans began to appear in mid July, reaching its peaks in mid August and late September. Adults of the bean pyralid appeared in mid July and peaked in late August and early October.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the fitness of Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida on different host plants: young and old leaves of the mandarin orange 'shiranuhi' ((Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) × C. reticulata), Japanese violet (Viola japonica Langsd.) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The development and oviposition experiments were conducted at constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30℃) and a life table parameters were estimated. T. kanzawai could complete it's development on 'shiranuhi' young leaves, japanese violet and kidney bean, while all died during the immature period on 'shiranuhi' old leaves. The total developmental period of T. kanzawai feeding on 'shiranuhi' young leaves was 17.4, 13.4 and 10.2 days at each temperature, respectively, which was longer than 16.1, 9.5 and 7.0 days of kidney bean. The female longevity of T. kanzawai on young leaves of 'shiranuhi' were 19.1, 15.0 and 12.3 days at each temperature, respectively, and there was no significant difference from 22.1, 14.1 and 10.9 days investigated from kidney bean. The fecundity was 18.1, 23.9 and 17.8 eggs per female, which was less than them of japanese violet and kidney bean at each temperature, respectively. As a result of estimating the life table parameters based on the experimental data, intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) were significantly different from each other, and appeared in the following order: kidney (0.1542, 0.2563 and 0.3251), japanese violet (0.1087, 0.2007 and 0.2673) and 'shiranuhi' young leaves (0.0868, 0.1002 and 0.1217) at each temperature, respectively. Finally, the management strategy against T. kanzawai in citrus orchards was discussed based on the results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.305-305
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• 2017

Seoritae with green cotyledons refers to Korean native black beans harvested when the frost falls because the maturity is late. It is one of the beans preferred by consumers because of its softness and high sugar content. Because of late maturity, if the agricultural work is delayed by weather or agricultural schedule in green cotyledon black soybean (Seoritae), it affects seriously harvest and yield of soybeans. The aim of this study was to investigate the marginal seeding period on June 30, July 10 and July 20 in Cheongju and Jecheon area in Korea to produce stable soybean yield. The yields of green cotyledon black soybean as seeding date in Cheongju area are as follows: Seolitae (Yeoncheon), Seoltae (Goesan) and Seoritae (Gogseong), which increased by 23%, 56%, 23% and 40%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th. As soybean sowing is delayed, the quality of soybean seeds has decreased due to the increase of immature seeds and fungal damaged seeds. The contents of anthocyanin in Cheongju area a functional substance of soybeans, was high on July 20 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon), on July 10 for Seoritae (Goesan). The yields of Heukcheong and Seolitae (Yeoncheon) in Jecheon area were increased by 5% and 17%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th, while Seolite (Goesan) and Seolite (Gogseong) were high in yields on June 30th. Similarly in Cheongju area, as the sowing period is delayed, the number of immature and mold damaged seeds in Jecheon area increased. The contents of anthocyanin in Jecheon area was high on July 10 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon) and Seolitae (Goesan). From the above results, Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Cheongju area increased 30% in sowing on July 10 and increased 2% in sowing on July 20 compared to June 30. And Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Jecheon area increased 2% in July 10 compared to June 30, and the yield decreased rapidly on July 20. We have identified the seeding time limit of green cotyledon black bean in Chungbuk province. It will be possible to provide a variety of crop selection after double cropping of farmers. And by knowing the yield and seed quality of soybean according to sowing date, farmers will observe appropriate sowing period of soybeans for high quality. From the viewpoint of consumers, functional substances of Seoritae will meet the desire for health.