• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

Previous studies have confirmed that /o/ and /u/ in Seoul Korean are undergoing a merger in the F1/F2 space, especially for female speakers. As a substitute parameter for formants, it is reported that female speakers use phonation (H1-H2) differences to distinguish /o/ from /u/. This study aimed to explore whether H1-H2 values are being used as perceptual cues for /o/-/u/. A perception test was conducted with 35 college students using /o/ and /u/ spoken by 41 females, which overlap considerably in the vowel space. An acoustic analysis of 182 stimuli was also conducted to see if there is any correspondence between production and perception. The identification rate was 89% on average, 86% for /o/, and 91% for /u/. The results confirmed that when /o/ and /u/ cannot be distinguished in the F1/F2 space because they are too close, H1-H2 differences contribute significantly to the separation of the two vowels. However, in perception, this was not the case. H1-H2 values were not significantly involved in the identification process, and the formants (especially F2) were still dominant cues. The study also showed that even though H1-H2 differences are apparent in females' production, males do not use H1-H2 in their production, and both females and males do not use H1-H2 in their perception. It is presumed that H1-H2 has not yet been developed as a perceptual cue for /o/ and /u/.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.396-402
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• 2010

The tracking of current location of residents is an essential requirement for context-aware service of smart houses. This paper presents a wireless sensor network system which could detect location transition such as entrance and exit to a room and also identify the user who passed the room, without duty of wearing any sort of tag. We designed new sensor node to solve the problem of short operation lifetime of previous work[1] which has two pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors and an ultrasonic sensor, as well as a 2.4 GHz radio frequency wireless transceiver. The proposed user identification method is to discriminate a person based on his/her height by using an ultrasonic sensor. The detection idea of entering/exiting behavior is based on order of triggering of two PIR sensors. The topology of the developed wireless sensor network system is simple star structure in which each sensor node is connected to one sink node directly. We evaluated the proposed sensing system with a set of experiments for three subjects in a model house. The experimental result shows that the averaged recognition rate of user identification is 81.3% for three persons. and perfect entering/exiting behavior detection performance.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to construct a GIS / DB by grasping a small but ecologically valuable village wetland distribution, and to propose conservation management and wise use plan. The study area is Seocheon-gun, a typical farming village. Firstly, based on the digital topographical map (1:5,000), the Arc-GIS tool was used to identify the provisional(draft) village wetlands. In addition, for the management of village wetlands, wetlands with an area of more or less than $625m^2$ each were derived and according to ecological regions study area was classified into urban areas, inland areas and coastal areas. And finally, according to the wetland identifying indicators, the village wetlands were identified as the final village wetlands through indoor and field trips. The results of the study show that there are 570 village wetlands in Seocheon - gun province, which are 74 in urban areas, 220 in inland areas, and 276 in coastal areas. The case study for village wetland identification was conducted in one out of two urban areas (Seocheon - eup), two of four coastal areas (Biin - myeon and Seo - myeon), and three of seven inland areas (Masan - myeon, Hansan - myeon, and Sicho - myeon). The distribution of village wetlands was found mainly to be a village wetland with an area of less than $625m^2$. In addition, compared with inland areas, the discrimination rate of village wetlands in coastal areas and urban areas was relatively low, indicating that inland areas were still less disturbed, and land use in urban areas and coastal areas is changing rapidly. Especially, land with less awareness such as village wetlands is relatively easily damaged, and management strategy is urgent.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.502-507
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• 2019

Cephalopods are one of the most important fishery resources in the world because of their desirable taste and nutritional value. In south Korea, one of the countries in which a large amount of seafood is consumed, cephalopods (e.g., octopus, squid, and cuttlefish) have an annual consumption rate of over 400,000 metric tons. In this study, octopus and squid products (n=28) sold on the market were monitored by analyzing sequences of DNA barcode markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S ribosomal RNA genes). For species identification, the NCBI BLAST database was screened with the sequences and analyzed as a query. In this BLAST search, twelve squid products showed 99-100% sequence identity to Dosidicus gigas (n=3) and Todarodes pacificus (n=9). In the case of the other 16 products that were declared using octopus as raw materials on the labels, six products were identified as Cistopus taiwanicus (n=1), Amphioctopus marginatus (n=1), Scaeurgus unicirrhus (n=1), and Dosidicus gigas (n=3). Monitoring results indicated that a significant percentage (37.5%) of mislabeling was present in octopus products sold on the South Korean market.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 1971

A method for the identification of and measurement of beta activity due to $^{40}K$ have been developed in this institute. The method is based on the principle of : $$G(t)=\frac{A}{A_{\infty}}=1-e^{-{\eta}t}$$ where: G(t)=fraction of maximum activity A = counting rate of thickness $A_{\infty}$= saturation activity ${\eta}$= mass absorption coefficient of $^{40}K$ By this technique, total beta activity in 92 Korean paddy soil samples collected from various part of the country, have been determined and the results of this analysis reported in this paper. Most of the beta activity in soils have been accounted for to be due to $^{40}K$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.76-84
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• 2021

The quality assurance activities can detect the factors that affect the quality based on risk identification in the course of mass production. Risk identification is conducted with risk analysis, and the risk analysis method for the rotorcraft landing system is selected by failure mode effects analysis (FMEA). FMEA is a method that detects the factors that can affect the product quality by combining severity, occurrence, and detectability. The results of FMEA were prioritized using the risk priority number. On the other hand, these methods have certain shortcomings because the severity, occurrence, detectability are weighted equally. Dempster-Shafer evidence theory can conduct uncertainty analysis for the opinions with personal reflections and subjectivity. Based on the theory, the belief function and the plausibility function can be formed. Moreover, the functions can be utilized to evaluate the belief rate and credibility. The system is exposed to impact during take-off and landing. Therefore, experts should manage failure modes in the course of mass production. In this paper, FMEA based on the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is discussed to perform risk analysis regarding the failure mode of the rotorcraft landing system. The failure priority was evaluated depending on the factor values. The results were derived using belief and plausibility function graphs.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.33-40
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• 2021

Automatic Speech Recognition(ASR) is a technology that analyzes human speech sound into speech signals and then automatically converts them into character strings that can be understandable by human. Speech recognition technology has evolved from the basic level of recognizing a single word to the advanced level of recognizing sentences consisting of multiple words. In real-time voice conversation, the high recognition rate improves the convenience of natural information delivery and expands the scope of voice-based applications. On the other hand, with the active application of speech recognition technology, concerns about related cyber attacks and threats are also increasing. According to the existing studies, researches on the technology development itself, such as the design of the Automatic Speaker Verification(ASV) technique and improvement of accuracy, are being actively conducted. However, there are not many analysis studies of attacks and threats in depth and variety. In this study, we propose a cyber attack model that bypasses voice authentication by simply manipulating voice frequency and voice speed for AI voice recognition service equipped with automated identification technology and analyze cyber threats by conducting extensive experiments on the automated identification system of commercial smartphones. Through this, we intend to inform the seriousness of the related cyber threats and raise interests in research on effective countermeasures.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Background: Kombucha, known domestically as black tea mushroom, is a traditional fermented beverage from Northeast Asia made by fermenting a mixture of black tea extract and fungus. It is known for its high detoxifying, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, as well as its effects on relieving arthritis pain, reducing blood pressure, and addressing gastrointestinal or metabolic diseases. Purpose: This study aims to identify the main microbial system of Kombucha fermentation. Methods: The 16sRNA sequencing method was applied to analyze the microbial composition of Kombucha fermentation. Results: Bacterial, yeast, and fungi groups were identified. Through the identification of commercial Kombucha strains, it was confirmed that the bacteria in the Kombucha fermentation liquid and the pellicle were predominantly microbes from the Gluconacetobacter and Gluconobactor, which are involved in the fermentation of Kombucha. Among the yeasts, Sacchromycetes class, Starmerella bacillaris were identified with the highest expression rate. It was confirmed that the main microbial system fermenting Kombucha is SCOBY(Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast), and that different strains are prominently expressed compared to the foreign Kombucha, which is mainly composed of Acetobacter acetic bacteria and Zygosaccharomyces yeast commonly. Conclusions: This study highlights the complexity and diversity of the microbial ecosystem in Kombucha fermentation, and comparative analysis with commercial strains reveals the potential for diversification of SCOBY to improve the functional properties of Kombucha. Future studies will investigate microbial interactions within the SCOBY and their impact on the health-promoting properties of Kombucha.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.292-302
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• 2012

This paper reviews comparison analysis of current and latest application for stock identification methods of Todarodes pacificus, and the pros and cons of each method and consideration of how to compensate for each other. Todarodes pacificus which migrates wide areas in western North Pacific is important fishery resource ecologically and commercially. Todarodes pacificus is also considered as 'biological indicator' of ocean environmental changes. And changes in its short and long term catch and distribution area occur along with environmental changes. For example, while the catch of pollack, a cold water fish, has dramatically decreased until today after the climate regime shift in 1987/1988, the catch of Todarodes pacificus has been dramatically increased. Regarding the decrease in pollack catch, overfishing and climate changes were considered as the main causes, but there has been no definite reason until today. One of the reasons why there is no definite answer is related with no proper analysis about ecological and environmental aspects based on stock identification. Subpopulation is a group sharing the same gene pool through sexual reproduction process within limited boundaries having similar ecological characteristics. Each individual with same stock might be affected by different environment in temporal and spatial during the process of spawning, recruitment and then reproduction. Thereby, accurate stock analysis about the species can play an efficient alternative to comply with effective resource management and rapid changes. Four main stock analysis were applied to Todarodes pacificus: Morphologic Method, Ecological Method, Tagging Method, Genetic Method. Ecological method is studies for analysis of differences in spawning grounds by analysing the individual ecological change, distribution, migration status, parasitic state of parasite, kinds of parasite and parasite infection rate etc. Currently the method has been studying lively can identify the group in the similar environment. However It is difficult to know to identify the same genetic group in each other. Tagging Method is direct method. It can analyse cohort's migration, distribution and location of spawning, but it is very difficult to recapture tagged squids and hard to tag juveniles. Genetic method, which is for useful fishery resource stock analysis has provided the basic information regarding resource management study. Genetic method for stock analysis is determined according to markers' sensitivity and need to select high multiform of genetic markers. For stock identification, isozyme multiform has been used for genetic markers. Recently there is increase in use of makers with high range variability among DNA sequencing like mitochondria, microsatellite. Even the current morphologic method, tagging method and ecological method played important rolls through finding Todarodes pacificus' life cycle, migration route and changes in spawning grounds, it is still difficult to analyze the stock of Todarodes pacificus as those are distributed in difference seas. Lately, by taking advantages of each stock analysis method, more complicated method is being applied. If based on such analysis and genetic method for improvement are played, there will be much advance in management system for the resource fluctuation of Todarodes pacificus.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.2
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• pp.259-289
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• 1999

The Security Industry has dynamic working conditions. So this study intends to find the advisable direction for the reduction of accidents. To achieve the aim, the investigation of documents and the examinations of actual proofs have been done to figure the theoretical background and to see the basic knowledge of security industry. The questionnaire was composed of two question sheets to search real data and actual proofs, with making targets of pure security organization and personnel. The one consists of 9 questions to find the scale and extent of security organizations and the population and character of security personnel, and the other 25 questions in 3 major areas to analyze the causes, the frequency rates, the factors, and the condition of accidents. The period of survey was July 15th to October 15th in 1997 by mail/telephone/interview. The questionnaires were efficiently returned from 102 different organizations including the public security groups of Seoul Metropolitan Police Bureau and so on, with the information of 8,222 persons having worked for Korean Security Industry in 1996. So being based on the reality, some meaningful facts were found, and were compared with the national statistics of the Government. This study is made up of 5 chapters : in the 1st chapter the motivation, the object, the method, the direction and the limitation of the approach were presented ,in the 2nd chapter the theoretical background were inferred ; in the 3rd chapter the collected data of accidents in Korean Security Industry were analyzed and explained on the base of the questionnaires , in the 4th chapter the advisable facts connected with preventing accidents were mentioned ; in the last the conclusion were stated. With the replies of 102 different organizations including the information of 8,222 persons in 1996, the main facts found or analyzed through this study are as follows. Firstly, accident is an unpredictable and occasional event. It occurs to man and/or thing, but the frequency rate of accidents in Korean Government and other Institutes has been calculated and evaluated only in the point of the accident related with man. Secondly, the factors of accidents are firstly relevant to the way preventing accidents in Security Industry in Korea. However the frequency rate is academically calculated and evaluated by at once man(population) and hour(time). But the Government has done the rate only by man(population). This can be improper and inaccurate rates. Thirdly, the confused concept of security is used in Korean Government, academic society, corporation and so on. Therefore the detailed formation of the concept is needed for the development of Security Industry in Korea. Fourthly, security organizations can be classified into 'public security(public law enforcement)' and 'private security' according to its identification, and furthermore 'private security' can be divided into 'facilities-guard service', 'body-guard service', and 'patrol service' according to its major role. Fifthly, in the viewpoint of the number of both organization and population,'facilities-guard service' is centered in Korean 'private security'. According to the analyzed results of the questionnaires in this study, the frequency rate of accidents of Korean Security Industry is 0.43(%) totally in 1996 : 'facilities-guard service' 0.54(%), 'body-guard service' 0.12(%), and 'patrol service' 0.21(%) in 'private security', and 'public security' 0.20(%). With regard to the accident frequency rate of organization and population, 'facilities-guard service' is the highest. The accident frequency rate of population in 'facilities-guard service' organization ranges dispersively from 0.20(%) to 11.11(%). Sixthly, the accidented rate of workers having serviced for under one year is 57.6(%). This can mean that the main factor of accidents in Korean Security Industry is the lack of role-understanding and training/education. And another factor can be found on the time of accident occurrence. Many accidents have been occurred on the relaxed points like as just after lunch and morning rush-hour. Lastly, the major advisable facts related to preventing accidents are as follows : The workers who are over fifty years old in 'facilities-guard service' organization need to be educated for preventing accidents ; It is desirable that the training and education to prevent accidents should be practiced in the time of pre-service ; As the style of accidents and the age of the accidented are not same according to major service area('public security' and 'private security' : 'facilities-guard service', 'body-guard service', and 'patrol service'), the plans to prevent accidents must be different and various. However fracture and bruise are general accidents in Korean Security Industry ; Workers must care about traffic accident and violent fall ; It seems that the grouped working with other two persons will reduce accident occurrence possibility rather than individually single working.