References
- Ahn, S. (2004). An acoustic study of English and Korean vowels revisited. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 29(1), 45-62.
- Albert, A., & Anderson, J. A. (1984). On the existence of maximum likelihood estimates in logistic regression models. Biometrika, 71(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/71.1.1
- Beddor, P. (2009). A coarticulatory path to sound change. Language, 85(4), 785-821. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0165
- Beddor, P. (2012). Perception grammars and sound change. In M. Sole & D. Recasens (Eds.), The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors (pp. 37-56). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Benjamins.
- Byun, H. (2018). Acoustic parameters that differentiate /o/ from /u/ in Seoul Korean. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 10(2), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2018.10.2.015
- Cha, J. (2007). Korean vowel system in the early 20th century: Focusing on audio data from the 1930s. Korean Linguistics, 37, 361-396.
- Chae, S. (1999). The core-periphery structure in the Korean lexicon reflected in a phonological variation and change. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology, 5(1), 217-236.
- Chae, S. (2000). The raising of /o/ in Seoul Korean: Dissimilation or neutralization of the vowel harmony, or an independent change? Studies on Seoul Dialect, 1, 205-229.
- Cho, S. M. (2003). An acoustic study of Korean vowel system. Korean Language and Culture, 24, 427-441.
- Cho, T., Jun, S., & Ladefoged, P. (2002). Acoustic and aerodynamic correlates of Korean stops and fricatives. Journal of Phonetics, 30(2), 193-228. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0153
- Choi, Y. (2001). Perceptual dimensions of Korea vowel: A link between perception and production. Speech Sciences, 8(2), 181-191.
- Choi, Y. (2003). Perceptual vowel space and mental representation of Korea monophthongs. Speech Sciences, 10(2), 287-301.
- Choi, Y., Shin, H. & Kwon, O. (1997). The percetion of vowels synthesized in vowels space by F1 and F2: A study on the differences between vowel perception of Seoul and Kyungnam dialectal speakers. Speech Sciences, 1(1), 201-211.
- Chung, H., Makino, S., & Kido, K. (1988). On the listening tests using natural speech of 8 Korean vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E), 9(6), 305-307. https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.9.305
- Di Paolo, M., & Faber, A. (1990). Phonation differences and phonetic content of the tense-lax contrast in Utah English. Language Variation and Change, 2(2), 155-204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000326
- Han, J., Kang, H., & Kim, J. (2013). Cross-generational differences of /o/ and /u/ in informal text reading. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 5(4), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.4.201
- Han, J. I., & Kim, J. Y. (2014). A phonetic investigation of Korean monophthongs in the early twentieth century. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 6(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2014.6.1.031
- Harrington, J. (2012). The coarticulatory basis of diachronic high back vowel fronting. In M. Sole & D. Recasens (Eds.), The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors (pp. 103-122). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Benjamins.
- Hong, Y. (1991). A sociolinguistic study of Seoul Korean: With a special section on language divergence between North and South Korea. Seoul, Korea: Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea.
- Igeta, T., & Arai, T. (2019). Dominance of lower formants of Korean vowels /o/-/u/ in perceptual identification by Seoul dialect listeners. Acoustical Science and Technology, 40(1), 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.40.56
- Igeta, T., Sonu, M., & Aari, T. (2014). Sound change of /o/ in modern Seoul Korean: Focused on relations with acoustic characteristics and perception. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 6(3), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2014.6.3.109
- Jang, H., Shin, J., & Nam, H. (2015). Aspects of vowels by ages in Seoul dialect. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology, 21(2), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.17959/sppm.2015.21.2.341
- Jung, I. (1997). Acoustic analysis of simple vowels in standard Korean in terms of generational differences. Malsori, 33-34, 111-125.
- Kang, H., & Han, J. (2013). Cross-generational change of /o/ and /u/ in Seoul Korean II: Spectral interactions in normalized vowel space. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 5(2), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.2.033
- Kang, J., & Kong, E. (2016). Static and dynamic spectral properties of the monophthong vowels in Seoul Korean: Implication on sound change. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 8(4), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2016.8.4.039
- Kang, S. (1989). Acoustic analysis of Korean simple vowels. Linguistic Journal of Korea, 14, 171-212.
- Kang, Y., Yoon, K., Lee, H., & Seong, C. (2010). A comparison of parameters of acoustic vowel space in patients with Parkinson's disease. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 2(4), 185-192.
- Kim, S., & Yoon, K. (2015). A comparative study on the effects of age on the vowel formants of the Korean corpus of spontaneous speech. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 7(3), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2015.7.3.065
- King, E., & Ryan, T. (2002). A preliminary investigation of maximum likelihood logistic regression versus exact logistic regression. The American Statistician, 56(3), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1198/00031300283
- Kim, J., Kim, D., & Lee, S. (2008). An analysis of Korean monophthongs produced by Korean native speakers and adult learners of Korean. Malsori, 65, 13-36.
- Kim, Y. S., Kim, K. H., Kim, J. Y., & Jang, J. S. (2013). A study on the formant comparison of Korean monophthongs according to age and gender: A survey on patients in oriental hospitals. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 5(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.1.073
- Kwak, C. (1980). A phonological study of Korean in the eighteenth century. Gukeoyeongu, 43, 1-123.
- Kwak, C. (1999). Vowel harmony and vowel system. Saegugeosaenghwal, 9(4), 151-159.
- Kwak, C. (2003). The vowel system of contemporary Korean and direction of change. Journal of Korean Linguistics, 41, 59-91.
- Kuang, J., & Cui, A. (2018). Relative cue weighting in production and perception of an ongoing sound change in Southern Yi. Journal of Phonetics, 71, 194-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.09.002
- Lee, H. (1971). A phonetic description of Korean vowels. Language Research, 7(1), 37-52.
- Lee, H. (2017). The phonetic realization of Korean monophthongs in different speaking styles. Language and Information Society, 32, 185-207. https://doi.org/10.29211/soli.2017.32..006
- Lee, H., Shin, W., & Shin, J. (2017). A sociophonetic study on high/mid back vowels in Korean. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 9(2), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2017.9.2.039
- Lee, J. (1998). An experimental phonetic analysis on Korean vowels by Korean speakers. Language Research, 17, 41-57.
- Moon, S. (2007). A fundamental phonetic investigation of Korean monophthongs. Malsori, 62, 1-17.
- Obata, J. & Toyoshima, T. (1932). Acoustic features of Korean vowels and consonants. Nippon Sugaku Butsuri Gakkaishi, 6(4), 379-403.
- Oh, E. (2012). Effects of speaker gender on vowel space size and vowel changes in Korean. The Journal of Studies in Language, 28(3), 531-553. https://doi.org/10.18627/jslg.28.3.201211.531
- Ohala, J. (1981). The listeners as a source of sound change. In C. Masek, R. Hendrick, & M. Miller (Eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Language and Behavior (pp. 178-203). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.
- Ohala, J. (2012). The listeners as a source of sound change: An update. In M. Sole & D. Recasens (Eds.), The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors (pp. 21-36). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Benjamins.
- RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC. Retrieved from http://www.rstudio.com/.
- Schwartz, J. L., Boe, L. J., Vallee, N., & Abry, C. (1997a). Major trends in vowel system inventories. Journal of Phonetics, 25(3), 233-253. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1997.0044
- Schwartz, J. L., Boe, L. J., Vallee, N., & Abry, C. (1997b). The dispersion-focalization theory of vowel systems. Journal of Phonetics, 25(3), 255-286. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1997.0043
- Seong, C. (2004). An acoustic analysis on the Korean 8 monophthongs: With respect to the acoustic variables on the F1/F2 vowel space. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea, 23(6), 454-461.
- Yang, B. (1996). A comparative study of American English and Korean vowels produced by male and female speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1996.0013
- Yoon, J., Kim, E., & Seong, C. (2015). Perceptual boundary on a synthesized Korean vowel /o/-/u/ continuum by Chinese learners of Korean language. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 7(4), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2015.7.4.111
- Yoon, T. & Kang, Y. (2014). Monophthong analysis on a large-scale speech corpus of read-style Korean. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 6(3), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2014.6.3.139