• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.236-244
• /
• 1988

The characteristics of ice cream, such as type-keeping viscosity, turbidity and stability of emulsion, were studied with the different composition of fatty acid of monoglyceride. The effect of saturated fatty acid of monoglycerides such as monolaurin, monomyristin, monopalmitin and monostearin on the characteristics of ice cream did not show any difference. The unsaturated fatty acid of monoglycerides, however, such as monocaprin and monoolein, was drastically enhanced the viscosity and easily happened the overrun of ice cream mixture which were resulted in the condensation of the fat droplet. Also the condensed fat droplet had the sterical network-structure. When the ratio of monostearin and monoolein becomed about 30:70, especially, it was confirmed the curdling of fat sphere increase to a maximun so that type-keeping and heat stability of ice cream were improved.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.794-802
• /
• 2018

The ice resistance series charts for icebreaking ships were developed through a series of systematic model tests in the ice tank of the Korean Research Institute of Ship and Ocean Engineering (KRISO). Spencer's (1992) component-based scaling system for ship-ice model tests was applied to extend the model ship correlations. Beam to draft ratio (B/T), length to beam ratio (L/B), block coefficient ($C_B$) and stem angle (${\alpha}$) were selected as geometric parameters for hull form development. The basic hull form (S1) of twin pod type with B/T of 3.0, L/B of 6.0, $C_B$ of 0.75 and stem angle of $25^{\circ}$ was generated with a modern hull design concept. A total of 13 hulls were designed varying the geometric parameters; B/T of 2.5 and 3.5, L/B of 5.0 and 7.0, $C_B$ from 0.65 to 0.85 in intervals of 0.05, and 5 stem angles from $15^{\circ}$ to $35^{\circ}$. Ice resistance tests were first carried out with the basic hull form in level ice with suitable speed. Four more tests for $C_B$ variations from 0.65 to 0.85 were conducted and two more for beam to draft and length to beam ratios were also performed to study the effect of the geometric parameters on ice resistance. Ice resistance tests were summarized using the volumetric coefficient, $C_V$ ($={\nabla}/L^3$), instead of L/B and $C_B$ variations. Additional model tests were also carried out to account for the effect of the stem angle, ice thickness and ice strength on ice resistance. In order to develop the ice resistance series charts with a minimum number of experiments, the trends of the ice resistance obtained from the experiments were assumed to be similar for other model ship with different geometric parameters. A total of 18 sheets composed of combinations of three different beam to draft ratios and six block coefficients were developed as a parameter of $C_V$ in the low speed regions. Three correction charts were also developed for stem angles, ice thickness and ice strength respectively. The charts were applied to estimate ice resistance for existing icebreaking ships including ARAON, and the results were satisfactory with reasonable accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.35 no.6_1
• /
• pp.999-1009
• /
• 2019

The importance of high-resolution sea ice maps of the Arctic Ocean is increasing due to the possibility of pioneering North Pole Routes and the necessity of precise climate prediction models. In this study,sea ice classification algorithms for two deep learning models were examined using Sentinel-1 A/B SAR data to generate high-resolution sea ice classification maps. Based on current ice charts, three classes (Open Water, First Year Ice, Multi Year Ice) of training data sets were generated by Arctic sea ice and remote sensing experts. Ten sea ice classification algorithms were generated by combing two deep learning models (i.e. Simple CNN and Resnet50) and five cases of input bands including incident angles and thermal noise corrected HV bands. For the ten algorithms, analyses were performed by comparing classification results with ground truth points. A confusion matrix and Cohen's kappa coefficient were produced for the case that showed best result. Furthermore, the classification result with the Maximum Likelihood Classifier that has been traditionally employed to classify sea ice. In conclusion, the Convolutional Neural Network case, which has two convolution layers and two max pooling layers, with HV and incident angle input bands shows classification accuracy of 96.66%, and Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.9499. All deep learning cases shows better classification accuracy than the classification result of the Maximum Likelihood Classifier.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.08a
• /
• pp.192-192
• /
• 2011

Hyperthermal ion scattering experiments were conducted with low kinetic energy (<35 eV) cesium ion beams to analyze the UV-photolyzed water-ice films. Neutral molecules (X) on the surface were detected as cesium-molecule ion clusters ($CsX^+$) which were formed through a Reactive Ion Scattering (RIS) process. Ionic species on the surface were desorbed from the surface via a low energy sputtering (LES) process, and were analyzed [1]. Using these methods, the thermal stability of hydronium ion ($H_3O^+$) that was produced by UV light was examined. As the thermal stability of $H_3O^+$ is related with the reaction, $H_3O^+$ + OH + $e^-$ (or $OH^-$) ${\rightarrow}$ $2H_2O$, which is similar or same with the reverse reaction of the auto-ionization of water, the result from this work would be helpful to understand the auto-ionization of $H_2O$ in water-ice that has not been well-understood yet. However, as $H_3O^+$ was not detected through a LES method, the titration experiment of $H_3O^+$ with methylamine ($CH_3NH_2$, MA), MA + $H_3O^+\;{\rightarrow}\;MAH^+$ + $H_2O$, was conducted. In this case, the presence of $MAH^+$ indicates that of $H_3O^+$ in the ice. Thus the pristine ice was photolyzed with UV light for a few minutes and this photolyzed ice was remained at the certain temperature for minutes without UV light. Then MA was adsorbed on that surface so that the population of $H_3O^+$ was found. From the calibration experiments, the relation of $MAH^+$ and $H_3O^+$ was found, so that the thermal stability of $H_3O^+$ can be investigated [2].

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
• /
• 2011.12a
• /
• pp.97-97
• /
• 2011

The analogy between spin configurations in spin ice materials like $Ho_2Ti_2O_7$ and proton configurations in water ice, $H_2O$, has been appreciated for many years (see Bramwell and Gingras, Science, 294, 1495, 2001). However it is only in the last few years that this equivalence has been extended into the realm of electrodynamics. In this talk I shall describe our recent experimental work that identifies magnetic charges ("monopoles"), transient magnetic currents ("magnetricity") and the universal properties expected of an ideal magnetic Coulomb gas (magnetic electrolyte - "magnetolyte"). These universal properties include the Onsager-Wien effect, "corresponding states" behaviour, Debye-Huckel screening and Bjerrum pairing. I will describe experimental results for both traditional spin ice materials ($Ho_2Ti_2O_7$, $Dy_2Ti_2O_7$) and a recently discovered system ($Dy_2Ge_2O_7$).

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.293-301
• /
• 2006

This study was undertaken to prolonging the freshness in Squid(Todarodes pacificus) on the effects of ice storage methods(tap water ice, electrolytic water ice) using stainless diaphragm electrolytic instrument and also test an efficiency of instrument. Basically, stainless diaphragm electrolytic instrument studied for changes of pH on difference water flow and ampere. The lower water flower and higher ampere made low pH on acid part of electrolytic instrument. Squid samples were stored in tap water ice, acid part of electrolytic water and base part of electrolytic water and used in studying the changes of VBN and skin color through storage. Acid water had strong sterilization effects and VBN was lower levels of acid water than the others. Base water had not sterilization effects. Tap water ice storage was more sterilizing effects than base water ice storage but less effects than acid water ice storage. Lightness of Squid skin showed getting decrease at storage of ice water of all storage methods but acid water ice storage showed more retarding than the other two storage. From these results, it could be suggested that acid electric water ice storage is effective in extendance the shelf-life of squid at chilled storage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.867-876
• /
• 2005

The microbial contamination of ice cream product commercially available in Korea was determined using ice bar, ice cream, ice milk and non-milk fat ice cream. Irradiation effect on enhancement of microbiological safety was also investigated at doses of 1, 3, and 5 kGy. In all products, yeast and molds were not detected, however, total aerobic and coliform bacteria were detected at 1-2 and 1-1.5 Log CFU/g level, respectively. According to the different flavor used in ice cream, total aerobic bacteria were detected as 2.30, 2.90, and 3.32 Log CFU/g level in vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream, respectively. Yeast and mold was not detected in vanilla ice cream but 2.30 and 2.70 Log CFU/g in chocolate and strawberry ice cream, respectively. Coliforms were also detected 1-2 Log CFU/g in the ice cream with different flavors. Listeria inocua and Escherichia coli were detected from 3 commercial samples but Salmonella spp. was not detected using API kit. Gamma irradiation significantly reduced the level of the contaminated total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds and coliform population in the ice creams. These results indicated that irradiation(5kGy or less) is effective to ensure safety of ice cream.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.307-315
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of several thermal therapies using ice pack, moist-hot pack and ultrasound, separately and concomitantly and to obtain the background information on the vascular changes after thermophysical therapies. The author had used 15 healthy subjects were examined and the subjects were divide into 5 groups : ice pack, moist-hot pack, ultrasound, ice pack and moist-hot pack, ice pack and ultrasound. Observation were made immediate before and 0,5,10,20,30,45,60,90 minutes after treatment. Thermography was performed in an Agema 870 thermovisio with 0.1$^{\circ}C$ difference of gradual temperature shift. The results were as follows : 1. Using ice pack only, the surface temperature of the masseter region was increased lapse of time, and most remarkably 90 minutes after the treatment. 2. Using moist-hot pack only, the surface temperature of the region was remarkably increased immediately after the treatment, but decreased lapse of time. 3. Using moist-hot pack with ice pack, the surface temperature of the face was remarkably increased immediately after the treatment, and decreased lapse of time, Hyperthermia was maintained for a longer time as compared with the group of moist-hot pack only. 4. Using ultrasound only, the surface temperature of the region was increased gradually, and most remarkably 30 minutes after the treatment, but decreased in the course of time. 5. Using ultrasound combined with ice pack, the surface temperature of the region was gradually decreased until 30 minutes after the treatment, and decrease to some extend at 45 minute. And then a gradual increase observed over the remaining period of the experiment. 6. Hyperthermia were maintained for a long time in the groups using ice pack combined with moist-hot pack and ultrasound as compared with the other groups. Our data suggest that ice pack can promote the efficacy of other thermal therapies.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.143-148
• /
• 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics on the profile of local ice load acting on side shell of port side in bow part due to broken ice during icebreaking of ships in ice covered waters. The first Korean icebreaking research vessel 'ARAON' had a sea ice field trial in the Arctic Sea during early August, 2010, and the signals due to local ice impact measured from several strain gauges installed at bow part were gathered. It is known that these data with structural response characteristics due to local ice impact have some different characteristics with a typical hydraulic impact pressure - time history. In this study, the time history on the measured signals was analyzed and the characteristic values were presented using non-dimensional parameters.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.219-223
• /
• 2019

Background: Ice cooling vests can cause tissue damage and have no flexibility. Therefore, these two undesirable properties of ice cooling vest were optimized, and the present study was aimed to compare the impact of the optimized ice cooling vest and a commercial paraffin cooling vest on physiological and perceptual strain under controlled conditions. Methods: For optimizing, hydrogel was used to increase the flexibility and a layer of the ethylene vinyl acetate foam was placed into the inside layer of packs to prevent tissue damage. Then, 15 men with an optimized ice cooling vest, with a commercial paraffin cooling vest, and without a cooling vest performed tests including exercise on a treadmill (speed of 2.8 km/hr and slope of %0) under hot ($40^{\circ}C$) and dry (40 %) condition for 60 min. The physiological strain index and skin temperature were measured every 5 and 15 minutes, respectively. The heat strain score index and perceptual strain index were also assessed every 15 minutes. Results: The mean values of the physiological and perceptual indices differed significantly between exercise with and without cooling vests (P < 0.05). However, the difference of the mean values of the indices except the value of the skin temperature during the exercises with the commercial paraffin cooling vest and the optimized ice cooling vest was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The optimized ice cooling vest was as effective as the commercial paraffin cooling vest to control the thermal strain. However, ice has a greater latent heat and less production cost.