• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 2009

In this study seismic analyses of steel structures were carried out to examine the effect of ground motion characteristics and structural properties on energy demands using 100 earthquake ground motions recorded in different soil conditions, and the results were compared with those of previous works. Analysis results show that ductility ratios and the site conditions have significant influence on input energy. The ratio of hysteretic to input energy is considerably influenced by the ductility ratio and the strong motion duration. It is also observed that as the predominant periods of the input energy spectra are significantly larger than those of acceleration response spectra used in the strength design, the strength demand on a structure designed based on energy should be checked especially in short period structures. For that reason framed structures with buckling-restrained-braces (BRBs) were designed in such a way that all the input energy was dissipated by the hysteretic energy of the BRBs, and the results were compared with those designed by conventional strength-based design procedure.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 2003

This paper highlights research being conducted to identify ground motion and structural characteristics that control the response of concentrically braced frames using hysteretic damper, unbonded brace, and to identify improved design procedures and code provisions. The focus of this paper is on the seismic response of six story concentrically braced frames utilizing hysteretic damper. A brief discussion is provided regarding the mechanical properties of such braces and the benefit of their use. Results of detailed nonlinear dynamic analyses are then examined for specific cases to characterize the effect on key response parameters of structural configurations and proportions.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2018

This study performed experimental validation of the hysteretic steel slit damper's basic and dependent characteristics, which should be considered for the design. The basic characteristic of the steel slit damper is used for determining design properties of non-linear analysis, such as yielding strength, yielding displacement, elastic stiffness and post-yielding stiffness. In order to evaluate dependent characteristics of the hysteretic steel slit damper, repeated deformation capacity with respect to the displacement, velocity and aspect ratio of the damper was evaluated. In this study, steel slit damper, which is widely used in Korea, was considered. The slit dampers with 55kN and 240kN of yielding strength were produced and tested. It was concluded that the slit damper's hysteresis behavior was affected by the dependent characteristics: displacement, velocity and aspect ratio. In other words, the steel slit damper's behavior was stable within limit displacement, and aspect ratio of the strut affected repeated deformation capacity of the damper subjected to large deformation. In addition, it was observed that the repeated deformation capacity abruptly decreased at the high speed range (${\geq}60mm/sec$). Furthermore, the experimental results were evaluated with the criterion of the damping device specified in ASCE7-10.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.6
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• pp.709-724
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• 2020

The typical inerter system, the tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD), has been proven to be efficient. It is characterized by an energy-dissipation-enhancement effect, whereby the dashpot deformation of TVMD can be amplified for enhanced energy dissipation efficiency. However, existing studies related to TVMD have mainly been performed on elastic structures, so the working mechanism remains unclear for nonlinear structures. To deal with this, an energy-spectrum analysis framework is developed systematically for classic bilinear hysteretic structures with TVMD. Considering the soil effect, typical bedrock records are propagated through the soil deposit, for which the designed input energy spectra are proposed by considering the TVMD parameters and structural nonlinear properties. Furthermore, the energy-dissipation-enhancement effect of TVMD is quantitatively evaluated for bilinear hysteretic structures. The results show that the established designed input energy spectra can be employed to evaluate the total energy-dissipation burden for a nonlinear TVMD structure. Particularly, the stiffness of TVMD is the dominant factor in adjusting the total input energy. Compared with the case of elastic structures, the energy-dissipation-enhancement effect of TVMD for nonlinear structures is weakened so that the expected energy-dissipation effect of TVMD is replaced by the accumulated energy dissipation of the primary structure.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2013

In this study, we propose a novel method for modeling dynamic hysteresis. Hysteresis is a widespread phenomenon that is observed in many physical systems. Many different models have been developed for representing a hysteretic system. Among them, the Duhem model is a classical nonlinear dynamic hysteresis model satisfying the properties of hysteresis. The purpose of this work is to develop a novel method that expresses the local dynamics of the Duhem model by a linear system model. Our approach utilizes a certain type of fuzzy system that is based on Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy models. The proposed T-S fuzzy Duhem model is achieved by fuzzy blending of the linear system model. A simulated example applied to shape memory alloy actuators, which have typical hysteretic properties, illustrates the applicability of our proposed scheme.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.275-278
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• 2010

We have examined the Ferroelectric properties of $PbZr_{0.4}Ti_{0.6}O_3$ (PZT) grains by monitoring the surface potential through the utilization of Kelvin force microscopy. Hysteretic and time dependent behaviors of small and large grains were compared with each other. The smaller grain yields had smaller values of surface potential. However, the normalized voltage versus surface potential behavior indicates that the smaller grains became saturated earlier with respect to the writing voltages than did the larger grains. On the other hand, the surface potential hysteresis loop obtained from the smaller grains showed a similar shape to what might be obtained from a Zr rich PZT film. In contrast the hysteresis loop of the larger grain looks like that obtained from a Ti-rich film. In addition, the time dependent behaviors of the smaller grains also revealed a better response than the response of larger grains. The overall ferroelectric properties of the smaller grains seem better than corresponding properties for larger grains. The Ti/Zr ratio of the PZT film which was examined in this study was 60/40.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3 s.43
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

The energy-based seismic design method Is more rational in comparison with current seismic design code in that it can directly account for the effects of cumulative damage by earthquake and hysteretic behavior of the structure. However there are research results that don't reach a consensus depending on the ground motion characteristic and structural properties. For that reason in this study the influences of ground motion characteristics and structural properties on energy demands were evaluated using 100 earthquake ground motions recorded in different soil conditions, and the results obtained were compared with those of previous works. Results show that ductility ratios and sue conditions have significant influence on input energy. The results show that the ratio of hysteretic to input energy is considerably influenced by the ductility ratio, damping ratio, and strong motion duration, while the effect of site condition is insignificant.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.395-409
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• 2020

With verifications through many relevant researches in the past few decades, adopting the equivalent lateral force procedure for designing seismically isolated structures as a preliminary or even final design approach has become considerably mature and publicly acceptable, especially for seismic isolation systems that mechanically exhibit bilinear hysteretic behavior. During the design procedure, in addition to a given seismic demand, structural designers still need to previously determine three parameters, such as mechanical properties of seismic isolation systems or design parameters and performance indices of seismically isolated structures. However, an arbitrary or improper selection of given parameters might cause diverse or even unacceptable design results, thus troubling structural designers very much. In this study, first, based on the criterion that at least either two design parameters or two performance indices of seismically isolated structures are decided previously, the rationality and applicability of design results obtained from different conditions are examined. Moreover, to consider variations of design parameters of seismically isolated structures attributed to uncertainties of mechanical properties of seismic isolation systems, one of the conditions is adopted to perform bounding analysis for seismic isolation design. The analysis results indicate that with a reasonable equivalent damping ratio designed, considering a specific variation for two design parameters (the effective stiffness and equivalent damping ratio) could present more conservative bounding design results (in terms of isolation displacement and acceleration transmissibility) than considering the same variation but for two mechanical properties (the characteristic strength and post-yield stiffness).

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.371-399
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• 2006

The theoretical background and capabilities of the developed program, SAR-CWF, for stochastic analysis of 3D reinforced-concrete shear wall-frame structures subject to seismic excitations is presented. Incremental stiffness and strength properties of system members are modeled by extended Roufaiel-Meyer hysteretic relation for bending while shear deformations for walls by Origin-Oriented hysteretic model. For the critical height of shear-walls, division to sub-elements is performed. Different yield capacities with respect to positive and negative bending, finite extensions of plastic hinges and P-${\delta}$ effects are considered while strength deterioration is controlled by accumulated hysteretic energy. Simulated strong motions are obtained from a Gaussian white-noise filtered through Kanai-Tajimi filter. Dynamic equations of motion for the system are formed according to constitutive and compatibility relations and then inserted into equivalent It$\hat{o}$-Stratonovich stochastic differential equations. A system reduction scheme based on the series expansion of eigen-modes of the undamaged structure is implemented. Time histories of seismic response statistics are obtained by utilizing the computer programs developed for different types of structures.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2017

A nonlinear static procedure considering work-energy principle and global failure mechanism to estimate base shears of reinforced concrete (RC) frame-type structures is presented. The relative energy equation comprising of elastic vibrational energy, plastic strain energy and seismic input energy is obtained. The input energy is modified with a factor depending on damping ratio and ductility, and the energy that contributes to damage is obtained. The plastic energy is decreased with a factor to consider the reduced hysteretic behavior of RC members. Given the pre-selected failure mechanism, the modified energy balance equality is written using various approximations for modification factors of input energy and plastic energy in scientific literature. External work done by the design lateral forces distributed to story levels in accordance with Turkish Seismic Design Code is calculated considering the target plastic drift. Equating the plastic energy obtained from energy balance to external work done by the equivalent inertia forces considering, a total of 16 energy-based base shears for each frame are derived considering different combinations of modification factors. Ductility related parameters of modification factors are determined from pushover analysis. Relative input energy of multi degree of freedom (MDOF) system is approximated by using the modal-energy-decomposition approach. Energy-based design base shears are compared with those obtained from nonlinear time history (NLTH) analysis using recorded accelerograms. It is found that some of the energy-based base shears are in reasonable agreement with the mean base shear obtained from NLTH analysis.