• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권5호
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• pp.405-418
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• 2023

This study focused on the effectiveness of seismic isolation technique in case of a reinforced concrete structure with soft story defined as the stiffness irregularity between adjacent stories. In this context, a seismically isolated 3-story reinforced concrete structure was analyzed by gradually increasing the first story height (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 m). The seismic isolation system of the structure is assumed to be composed of lead rubber bearings (LRB). In the analyses, isolators were modeled by both deteriorating (temperature-dependent analyses) and non-deteriorating (bounding analyses) hysteretic representations. The deterioration in strength of isolator is due to temperature rise in the lead core during cyclic motion. The ground motion pairs used in bi-directional nonlinear dynamic analyses were selected and scaled according to codified procedures. In the analyses, different isolation periods (Tiso) and characteristic strength to weight ratios (Q/W) were considered in order to determine the sensitivity of structural response to the isolator properties. Response quantities under consideration are floor accelerations, and interstory drift ratios. Analyses results are compared for both hysteretic representations of LRBs. Results are also used to assess the significance of the ratio between the horizontal stiffnesses of soft story and isolation system. It is revealed that seismic isolation is a viable method to reduce structural damage in structures with soft story.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.501-516
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• 2017

Numerical simulations are prevalently used to evaluate the seismic behaviour of structures. The accuracy of the simulation results depends directly on the accuracy of the modelling techniques employed to simulate the behaviour of individual structural members. An empirical modelling technique is employed in this paper to simulate the behaviour of column members under cyclic and seismic loading. Despite the common modelling techniques, this technique is capable of simulating two important aspects of the cyclic and seismic behaviour of columns simultaneously. The proposed fiber-based modelling technique captures explicitly the interaction between the bending moment and the axial force in columns, and the cyclic deterioration of the hysteretic behaviour of these members is implicitly taken into account. The fiber-based model is calibrated based on the cyclic behaviour of square hollow steel sections. The behaviour of several column archetypes is investigated under a dual cyclic loading protocol to develop a benchmark database before the calibration procedure. The dual loading protocol used in this study consists of both axial and lateral loading cycles with varying amplitudes. After the calibration procedure, a regression analysis is conducted to derive an equation for predicting a varying calibrated modelling parameter. Finally, several nonlinear time-history analyses are conducted on a 6-story steel special moment frame in order to investigate how the results of numerical simulations can be affected by employing the intended modelling technique for columns instead of other common modelling techniques.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.437-442
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate nonlinear behavior and estimate ultimate resistance of the wall structure against seismic loading. Experimental data for RC coupling elements are used for specifying the strength deterioration and stiffness degradation factor of hysteretic model. Modified coupling element models are used in the push over analysis and time history analysis. In the time history analysis, three earthquake waves are used in the analysis and their peak ground accelerations are changed to be 0.2g. The conclusions of this study are as follows : (1) In the push over analysis, yielding of coupling elements occurred at lower story with small story drift ratio as 0.3%. (2) In the time history analysis, the story drift ratio is sufficient for the requirement of Korean Code, But coupling elements at most stories of the buildings occurred yielding. i. e. the earthquake resistant capacity of shear wall structures is not sufficient at 0.2g.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.331-348
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• 2010

Ample research effort has been oriented into developing damage indices with the aim of estimating in a reasonable manner the consequences, in terms of structural damage and deterioration, of severe plastic cycling. Although several studies have been devoted to calibrate damage indices for steel and reinforced concrete members; currently, there is a challenge to study and calibrate the use of such indices for the practical evaluation of complex structures. The aim of this paper is to introduce an energy-based damage index for multi-degree-of-freedom steel buildings that accounts explicitly for the effects of cumulative plastic deformation demands. The model has been developed by complementing the results obtained from experimental testing of steel members with those derived from analytical studies regarding the distribution of plastic demands on several steel frames designed according to the Mexico City Building Code. It is concluded that the approach discussed herein is a promising tool for practical structural evaluation of framed structures subjected to large energy demands.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.357-371
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• 2016

Column base connections are critical components in steel structures because they transfer axial forces, shear forces and moments to the foundation. Exposed column bases are quite commonly used in low- to medium-rise buildings. To investigate shear transfer in exposed column base plates, four large scale specimens were subjected to a combination of axial load (compression or tension) and lateral shear deformations. The main parameters examined experimentally include the number of anchor rod, arrangement of anchor rod, type of lateral loading, and axial force ratio. It is observed that the shear resisting mechanism of exposed column base changed as the axial force changed. When the axial force is in compression, the resisting mechanism is rotation type, and the shear force will be resisted by friction force between base plate and mortar layer. The specimens could sustain inelastic deformation with minimal strength deterioration up to column rotation angle of 3%. The moment resistance and energy dissipation will be increased as the number of anchor rods increased. Moreover, moment resistance could be further increased if the anchor rods were arranged in details. When the axial force is in tension, the resisting mechanism is slip type, and the shear force will be resisted by the anchor rods. And the shear resistance was reduced significantly when the axial force was changed from compression to tension. The test results indicated that the current design approach could estimate the moment resistance within reasonable acceptance, but overestimate the shear resistance of exposed column base.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.439-452
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• 2018

This paper presents experimental and numerical study on buckling behaviors and hysteretic performance of Class 1 H-shaped steel beam subjected to cyclic pure bending within the scope of ultra-low cycle fatigue (ULCF). A loading device was designed to achieve the pure bending loading condition and 4 H-shaped specimens with a small width-to-thickness ratio were tested under 4 different loading histories. The emphasis of this work is on the impacts induced by local buckling and subsequent ductile fracture. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the specimen failure is mainly induced by elasto-plastic local buckling, and is closely correlated with the plastic straining history. Compared with monotonic loading, the elasto-plastic local buckling can occur at a much smaller displacement amplitude due to a number of preceding plastic reversals with relative small strain amplitudes, which is mainly correlated with decreasing tangent modulus of the material under cyclic straining. Ductile fracture is found to be a secondary factor leading to deterioration of the load-carrying capacity. In addition, a new ULCF life evaluation method is proposed for the specimens using the concept of energy decomposition, where the cumulative plastic energy is classified into two categories as isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening correlated. A linear correlation between the two energies is found and formulated, which compares well with the experimental results.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2017

Columns in existing reinforced concrete structures that are designed and constructed without considering seismic loads generally exhibit widely spaced transverse reinforcements without using seismic hooks. Due to the insufficient reinforcement details in columns compared to the reinforcement requirements specified in modern seismic codes, brittle shear failure is likely to occur. This may lead to sudden collapse of entire structure during earthquakes. Adequate retrofit strategy is required for these columns to avoid such catastrophic event. In order to do so, behavior of columns in existing reinforced concrete structures should be accurately predicted through computational analysis. In this study, an analytical model is proposed for accurately simulating the cyclic behavior of shear critical columns. The parameters for backbone, as well as pinching and cyclic deterioration in strength and stiffness are calibrated using test data of column specimens failed by shear.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.545-566
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• 2009

Bridge columns are subjected to combined actions of axial force, shear force and bending moment during earthquakes, caused by spatially-complex earthquake motions, features of structural configurations and the interaction between input and response characteristics. Combined actions can have significant effects on the force and deformation capacity of RC columns, resulting in unexpected large deformations and extensive damage that in turn influences the performance of bridges as vital components of transportation systems. This paper evaluates the seismic response of three prototype reinforced concrete bridges using comprehensive numerical models that are capable of simulating the complex soil-structural interaction effects and nonlinear behavior of columns. An analytical approach that can capture the shear-flexural interacting behavior is developed to model the realistic nonlinear behavior of RC columns, including the pinching behavior, strength deterioration and stiffness softening due to combined actions of shear force, axial force and bending moment. Seismic response analyses were conducted on the prototype bridges under suites of ground motions. Response quantities of bridges (e.g., drift, acceleration, section force and section moment etc.) are compared and evaluated to identify the effects of vertical motion, structural characteristics and the shear-flexural interaction on seismic demand of bridges.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2012

일반적인 내진 설계에서는 구조물의 연성적인 거동을 유도하기 위해서 보-기둥 접합부에 인접한 보에 소성힌지가 발생하도록 한다. 따라서 철근콘크리트 부재의 부착강도와 전단강도가 휨강도보다 큰 값을 가져야 하고, 전단이나 부착파괴가 요구된 연성에 도달하기 이전에 발생하지 않아야 한다. 하지만 전단경간비가 짧은 부재의 경우에는 전단이나 부착 거동의 지배를 받는 경우가 많고, 핀칭 효과로 인해 에너지 소산이 비교적 적게 발생하므로 요구된 연성에 도달하지 못하고 파괴될 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 전단경간비가 짧은 철근콘크리트 부재의 거동 분석과 연성 예측, 특히 부착 연성 능력을 평가하기 위한 방법을 제안하였다. 이것은 반복하중에 의해 저감되는 잠재 전단강도와 잠재부착내력 모델, 그리고 소성힌지 형성에 따른 휨부착응력의 급격한 증대를 도식화하여 나타낼 수 있다. 제안된 해석법은 각 값의 변화 추이를 비교하여 부재의 거동을 파악하고, 부착 거동의 지배를 받는 부재의 경우, 부착내력과 휨부착응력의 값이 만나는 지점까지를 그 부재의 부착 연성으로 평가하는 방법이다. 이 방법은 기존에 수행된 8개의 보, 기둥 시험체를 통해 비교 및 검토하였으며 부재 거동에 대한 예측은 정확히 일치하였으나, 부착 연성 능력에 대해서는 과소평가 되었다. 그 이유는 부재의 부착강도를 실제 부착강도보다 비교적 낮게 예측한 부착강도식에서 찾을 수 있으며, 다른 부착 내력 모델에 대한 부착 연성 평가에 대한 연구가 추후 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2015

A shaking table test was conducted at the E-Defense shaking table facility to investigate the damage and collapse behavior of a steel high-rise building under exceedingly large ground motions. The specimen is a one-third scale 18-story steel moment frame designed and constructed according to design specifications and practices used in the 1980s and 1990s. The shaking table tests used a long-duration, long-period ground motion simulated for a sequential Tokai, Nankai, and Nankai earthquake scenario. The building specimen was subjected to a series of progressively increasing scaled motions until it completely collapsed. The damage to the steel frame began through the yielding of beams along lower stories and column bases of the first story. After several excitations by increasing scaled motions, cracks initiated at the welded moment connections and fractures in the beam flanges spread to the lower stories. As the shear strength of each story decreased, the drifts of lower stories increased and the frame finally collapsed and settled on the supporting frame. From the test, a typical progression of collapse for a tall steel moment frame was obtained, and the hysteretic behavior of steel structural members including deterioration due to local buckling and fracture were observed. The results provide important information for further understanding and an accurate numerical simulation of collapse behavior.