• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2017

It has become important for unutilized energy to be used for air conditioning of building. Economic evaluation on energy system by using treated sewage water as heat source, which is one of unutilized energy, was performed. The floor area of the subject building and the distance between heat source equipment and sewage treatment plant was assumed $30,000m^2$ and 200m. Absorption chiller-heater system was used for comparing to the energy efficient system, and payback period method was applied to carry out economic evaluation. Although the operating cost of this system is reduced compared to general heat source system, the ratio is not meaningful compared to the initial investment cost increase, and payback period was calculated to be about 36.1 years. However, when calculated based on the 2014 rate of electricity and city gas, it will be greatly reduced to 3.1 years. International commodity prices are constantly changing, and therefore national policy on the spread of unutilized energy should be maintained.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.220-226
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• 2012

Pure zirconia and $x$ mol% calcia partially stabilized zirconia ($x$ = 1.5, 3, and 8) nanopowders were synthesized by hydrothermal method with various reaction temperatures for 24 hrs. The precipitated precursor of pure zirconia and $x$ mol% calcia doped zirconia was prepared by adding $NH_4OH$ to starting solutions; resulting sample was then put into an autoclave reactor. The optimal experimental conditions, such as reaction temperatures and times and amounts of stabilizer CaO, were carefully studied. The synthesized $ZrO_2$ and $x$ mol% CaO-$ZrO_2$ ($x$ = 1.5, 3, and 8) powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, TG-DTA, and Raman spectroscopy. When the hydrothermal temperature was as low as $160^{\circ}C$, pure $ZrO_2$ and $x$ mol% CaO-$ZrO_2$ ($x$ = 1.5 and 3) powders were identified as a mixture of monoclinic and tetragonal phases. However, a stable tetragonal phase of zirconia was observed in the 8 mol% calcia doped zirconia nanopowder at hydrothermal temperature above $160^{\circ}C$. To observe the phase transition, the 3 mol% CaO-$ZrO_2$ and 8 mol% CaO-$ZrO_2$ nanopowders were heat treated from 600 to $1000^{\circ}C$ for 2h. The 3 mol% CaO-$ZrO_2$ heat treated at above $1000^{\circ}C$ was found to undergo a complete phase transition from mixture phase to monoclinic phase. However, the 8 mol% calcia doped zirconia appeared in the stable tetragonal phase after heat treatment. The result of this study therefore should be considered as the preparation of 8 mol% CaO-$ZrO_2$ nanopowders via the hydrothermal method.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2007

생활폐기물 소각재를 용융시켜 제조한 슬래그에는 제올라이트 합성에 영향을 주는 많은 불순물이 포함되어 있다. 이러한 불순물들은 원하는 제올라이트 합성을 방해하며, 수율과 순도를 저하시킨다. 용융 슬래그에는 특히 $Fe_2O_3$, FeO 그리고 CaO가 많이 포함되어 있다. 이런 불순물들을 제거하기 위해 염산으로 슬러리의 초기 pH를 1, 3, 5 그리고 7로 하여 각각 처리하였다. 실험결과, 슬러리의 초기 pH가 낮아질수록 $SiO_2,\;Fe_2O_3,\;TiO_2$ 등의 함량은 증가되었으나, $Al_2O_3,\;FeO,\;CaO,\;Na_2O,\;K_2O,\;MgO$ 등의 함량은 감소되었다. 염산처리한 슬래그를 NaOH 용액과 함께 $80^{\circ}C$에서 반응시킨 결과, 슬래그, pH 7과 pH 5에서 처리한 시료로부터는 토버모라이트(tobermorite)가, pH 3과 pH 1에서 처리한 시료로부터는 Na-P1형과 Na-X형 제올라이트가 생성되었다. 또한 CaO가 제올라이트 합성을 방해한다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국세라믹학회 2002년도 추계총회 및 연구발표회 초록집
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• pp.59.1-59
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• 2002

• 공업화학
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.817-821
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• 1998

$Ba(OH)_2{\cdot}8H_2O$와 $Ti(OC_2H_5)O_4$를 사용하여 고순도 $BaTiO_3$ 분말을 수열 합성법으로 제조하고 열처리 온도에 따른 분말 특성을 조사하였다. 이때 제조된 분말 내에는 미량의 $H_2O$ 및 $OH^-$가 존재함을 확인할 수 있었으며 열처리 온도가 $200^{\circ}C$에서 $1000^{\circ}C$로 증가할수록 $BaTiO_3$의 평균입경은 $0.022{\mu}m$에서 $0.072{\mu}m$로 증가되었고 tetrogonality(c/a)도 1.02에서 1.2로 증가되어 정방정 형태로 상전이가 나타났다. 또한 $400^{\circ}C$로 3시간 동안 열처리한 후 이들 분말들을 $1250^{\circ}C$로 소결할 때 8120의 비유전율값이 얻어졌으며 표면 활성화 에너지값은 9680 kcal/mol이었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1213-1219
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• 2003

비정질알루미나에 기공형성제를 첨가하여 성형하고 수열반응, 열처리 및 수세를 통해 pellet 형태의 다공성 세라믹 담체를 제조하였다. 기공형성제는 64, 222, 405 $\mu\textrm{m}$의 평균 입경을 가지는 활성탄, 폴리머와 무기염의 변화를 두었으며, 20$0^{\circ}C$에서 24시간동안 수열반응 한 다음 $650^{\circ}C$에서 5시간동안 열처리 및 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 48시간 동안 수세하고, 결정의 생성 및 변화, 기공률, 기공의 분포 및 압축 강도를 측정하였다. 수열반응 이후 활성탄이 첨가된 시편은 boehmite로의 상전이가 이루어졌으나, 기공형성제로 폴리머 및 무기염이 첨가된 시편은 수열 반응 시 비정질알루미나의 aquohydroxy complex gel의 형성을 방해하여 boehmite 결정성장 억제를 가져왔다 활성탄을 기공형성제로 첨가하여 제조한 시편의 경우, 70% 이상의 기공률과 40kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 이상의 강도를 갖는 ${\gamma}$-알루미나의 담체를 제조할 수 있었다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2007

Zirconia powders with nano size pores and high specific surface areas were synthesized via aqueous precipitation and hydrothermal synthetic method using $ZrOCl_28H_2O$ and $NH_4OH$ under pH=11 and ambient condition. By this reaction. zirconia hydrate $(ZrO_x(OH)_{4-2x})$ was primarily synthesized and the obtained zirconia hydrate was heat treated hydrothermally using an autoclave at various temperatures under pH=11. X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, FT-IR, Raman, Particle size analysis, DTA-TG, and BET techniques were used for the characterization of the powder. The synthesized zirconia showed an amorphous phase, however, the phase was transformed to the crystalline state during the hydrothermal process. The observed crystalline phase above $160^{\circ}C$ was a mixed phase of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia. By the BET analysis, it was found that the specific surface area was ranged in $126{\sim}276m^2/g$ and the zirconia had the cylindrical shaped pores with average diameter of $2{\sim}7nm$.

• 센서학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2010

CO sensing thick film gas sensors using $Co_3O_4$ powders prepared by hydrothermal reaction method, were fabricated, and their structural, electrical and CO gas sensing properties were investigated. The specific surface area of the $Co_3O_4$ powders obtained from BET analysis was about 79.0 $m^2/g$. XRD and SEM results show that the thick films heat-treated at $500^{\circ}C$ for 30 min after screen printing had the preferred orientation of (311) direction and the crystalline size was calculated to 221 $\AA$. The maximum activation energy obtained from the temperature-resistance characteristics was 3.11 eV in the temperature range of $290^{\circ}C$ to $310^{\circ}C$. The sensitivity to 1,000 ppm CO was about 150 %. The specific surface area, crystalline size, and maximum activation energy were increased significantly and the sensitivity for CO gas was improved largely.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2008

Hydrated sodium silicate with 25 wt% water contents was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction using anhydrous sodium silicate. The hydrated sodium silicate was expanded at $370^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. and then pulverized, classified (- 200 mesh) and press-formed. The samples were heat treated at $400{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in order to study the expansion characteristics depending on heat treatment temperature. A porous body with closed pore was formed above $600^{\circ}C$. The volume expansion ratio and the pore size were increased and the specific gravity was decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature. However, the volume expansion ratio was decreased and the specific gravity was increased above $850^{\circ}C$ due to the softening of the sodium silicate.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory function of Pyropia yezoensis hydrothermal (water) extract (PYWE) in comparison to the group treated only with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells. LPS is known to be an inflammatory mediator that activates macrophages, leading to the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as defense responses. Through enzyme-linked immunoassay and western blot analyses, it was observed that PYWE increased the expression levels of NO, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, although to a lesser extent compared with the group treated with LPS alone. In addition, the study examined the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway, which regulates various cellular activities, including gene expression, mitosis, cell differentiation, transformation, survival, and death. The western blot analysis confirmed that PYWE also regulated the MAPKs pathway. Furthermore, the expression levels of immunomodulatory-related factors increased in the group treated with PYWE compared with the control group. Even though the effects of PYWE were usually less strong than those of LPS, the effects of PYWE increased with increasing doses compared to the control group. This suggests that PYWE could be used to control the immune system.