• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 1983

제주도(濟州道) 화산회토양유기물(火山灰土壌有機物)의 화학성(化学性), 유기물(有機物) 성상(性狀) 및 부식산(腐植酸)의 광학적(光学的) 특성(特性)을 알고져 수종(数種)의 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)을 공시(供試)하여 실내시험(室內試験)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 가. 토양(土壌)의 화학적(化学的) 성질(性質) 1) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)은 비화산회토양(非火山灰土壌)에 비(比)하여 유기물(有機物)(4~27%), 유효규산(有効珪酸)(291~884ppm), 활성(活性) 알루미늄(150~478ppm) 및 활성철함량(活性鉄含量)(0.77~0.86%)이 많고 반대(反対)로 유효인산(有効燐酸)(4~15ppm) 함량(含量)이 현저(顕著)히 낮았다. 2) 가리(加里), 석화(石火), 고토등(苦土等)은 밭의 경우 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)에서 높은 편이나 삼림지(森林地) 및 유휴지토양(遊休地土壌)은 낮은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 3) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)은 규반비(珪礬比) 및 규산(珪酸)/유기물비(有機物比)가 낮은 반면(反面) K/Ca+Mg, Al/Fe(활성(活性)) 및 C/P비(比)가 현저(顕著)히 높았다. 나. 유기물(有機物) 및 질소분별정량(窒素分別定量) 1) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)은 유기물(有機物)의 총탄소중(総炭素中) Humin-C의 비율(比率), 유기물중(有機物中) Humin산(酸) 그리고 Humin중(中) C/N율(率)이 비화산회토양(非火山灰土壌)보다 현저(顕著)히 높았다. 2) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)은 비화산회토양(非火山灰土壌)에 비(比)하여 총질소(総窒素), 산(酸) 및 알카리가용성(可溶性) 질소함량(窒素含量)이 현저(顕著)히 높은 반면(反面) 총질소중(総窒素中) 무기태질소(無機態窒素)로 방출(放出)될 수 있는 무기화율(無機化率)은 높지 않았다. 다. 토양부식(土壌腐植)의 형태(形態) 1) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)은 비화산회토양(非火山灰土壌)에 비(比)하여 광흡(光吸) 수능(收能)이 높고(K600, RF치(値), ${\delta}logK$) 부식화도(腐植化度)가 진전(進展)될수록 색농도(色濃度)가 짙은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)은 산화제(酸化劑)에 대(対)한 저항성(抵抗性)이 높고 산(酸) 및 알카리 가수분해성(加水分解性)이 강(强)하여 부식화도(腐植化度)가 높아 부식(腐植)의 자연분해(自然分解)가 극(極)히 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 라. Humin의 관능기조사(官能基調査) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)의 유출부식산(油出腐植酸)의 관능기(官能基)는 phenolic-OH기(基), Alcoholic-OH기(基) 및 Carboxyl기(基)가 많고 비화산회토양(非火山灰土壌)은 Methoxyl기(基) 및 Carbonyl기(基)가 많았다. 마. 부식산(腐植酸)의 흡광도(吸光度) 1) 공시토양(供試土壌)의 가시광역(可視光域)은 200~500nm부근의 단파장영역(短波長領域)이었으며 주로 350, 420, 450 및 480nm 에서 4개(個)의 흡광곡선(吸光曲線)을 나타내었다. 2) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)인 흑악통(黑岳統)은 362nm부근에서 단일(單一)의 높은 흡광도(吸光度)를 보였으며 비화산회토양(非火山灰土壌)인 영악통(永楽統)은 360nm와 390nm에서 2개(個)의 단순(單純)한 높은 흡광대(吸光帶)를 나타내었다. 마. 분해촉진제(分解促進剤) 처리효과(處理効果) 화산회토양(火山灰土壌)에 대(対)한 분해촉진효과(分解促進効果)는 이도통(統)은 역분해성(易分解性) 유기물(有機物) 첨가(添加)에 따른 "Priming Effect"가 증가(增加)되었으며 남원(南元)과 흑악통(黑岳統)은 Na-Pyrophosphate의 첨가효과(添加効果)가 있었다.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.32-39
• /
• 2005

Recently, sanitary landfill was one of the most widely used for disposal of waste in Korea. With increasing of use and public awareness of this method for disposal. there is an increased concern with respect to the pollution potential by the landfill leachate. Especially, an aged landfill leachate contained relatively large amount of the nonbiodegradable substances which could not be removed by biological treatment processes. So, this study was conducted to the removal of nonbiodegradable substances, such as Humic acid and Fulvic acid with the electrolysis. In this study, electrode materials, electrolyte concentration, electrode distance, current density, and pH value were found to have significant effect on both pollutant removal efficiency and current efficiency in electrochemical oxidation process.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.484-489
• /
• 2005

In order to determine the removal rate of non-biodegradable substances and the change of their structural properties, this study was carried out by an ozone-treatment experiment on leachate collected from the landfill area of D City in Chung chung nam-do and examined the change of the chemical properties of non-biodegradable substances. The main elements of non-biodegradable substances in landfill leachate were benzene, toluene, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, xylene, etc. and the concentration of toluene was 15.7 mg/L on the average, benzene 7.2 mg/L, trichloroethane 1.1 mg/L, trichloroethylene 0.75 mg/L and xylene 0.5 mg/L. When leachate was treated with ozone for 10 min, 30 min and 60 min, UV absorbance was reduced with the increase of reaction time, and the reduction rate was 38.6% at 60 min. TOC was removed by 13.2% at 60 min. The low reduction rate of TOC may be because TOC reacts indirectly with OH radical produced from reaction with ozone while UV absorbance usually relies on direct reaction between organic matters and ozone molecules. Color was removed by up to 97%, which suggests that ozonation is highly effective in removing coloring elements in leachate. Sixteen kinds of non-biodegradable compounds were found in the leachate and most of them had the characteristic of aromatic hydrocarbon. Among them dibutyl phthalate was identical with a substance included in the list of US EPA, which is classified as a mutagen that may cause the mutation of genes and disorders in chromosomes. In addition, 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and butyl octyl ester were found to be similar to substances listed by USEPA. According to the result of analyzing structural changes before and after ozonation using GC-MS, cyclic compounds and aromatic compounds were observed in the original water and aliphatic compounds were newly observed after ozonation. In addition, through ozonation, humic substances of high molecular weight were oxidized and decomposed and produced low-molecular compounds such as aldehyde, ketone and carboxyl acid and highly biodegradable aliphatic carbon, which suggests the bio-degradability of non-biodegradable substances.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.34-41
• /
• 2016

UF (ultrafiltration)-SWRO (seawater reverse osmosis) 공정을 이용하여 해수와 기수의 유입수 블렌딩(pre-blending)이 보론(boron)과 휴믹산(humic acid)의 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 유입수 블렌딩은 TDS (total dissolved solids) 농도를 기준으로 15,000 mg/L~27,000 mg/L까지 설정하였으며, RO에서의 보론 제거특성을 분석하였다. 또한, 동일한 TDS 농도범위에서 휴믹산을 주입하여 유기물 제거 특성을 알아보았다. 보론은 TDS 농도가 높아질수록 제거율은 76.60% - 83.27%로 높게 나타났지만, 최종 생산된 생산수의 보론 농도는 0.48 mg/L-0.69 mg/L로 높아져 유입수 내 보론 농도가 다량 유입될 시 유입수 블렌딩이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 휴믹산의 경우 10 mg/L 수준일 경우 TDS 농도 22,500 mg/L가 27,000 mg/L 보다 제거율이 높게 나타났지만, 휴믹산이 5 mg/L 수준일 경우 TDS 농도 18,000 mg/L가 15,000 mg/L보다 높게 나타났다. 한편, 휴믹산이 주입되었을 때 UF-SWRO 공정에서는 오히려 플럭스(flux)와 회수율(recovery rate)이 증가하는 효과를 나타내었는데, 이는 파울링 물질이 $Ca^{2+}$와 휴믹산의 결합에 의해 대부분 제거되어 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 UF-SWRO를 이용한 해수 담수화 시 보론 농도와 휴믹산 제거측면에서 TDS 농도가 낮을수록 유리하다고 판단된다.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2007

This study has been conducted to assess blackish-water phenomena in Dam reservoir. To searching for the reason, we survey physical changes in reservoir and analyze metal and organic content in particulate materials and water. The blackish-water phenomena in lake A are occurred with turbidity increases in turnover season irregularly. It was reported on 6 Jan. 2005 weakly and the water column mixed with 35~40m depth and water temperature shows $7^{\circ}C$. The turbidity of AD and AM site increased up to 20NTU. Especially, AN site shows 27NTU, such a result makes that Dam manager conclude it to blackish-water phenomena. The results of sequential extraction analysis show that over 80% of Al, Cr and Fe is existed in residual form in sediment. On the other hand, the most part of Mn shows exchangeable and carbonates form, which have a good possibility of release to water column. Mn contents in pore waters of the sediment samples are also found to be ~4 times higher than Fe contents. The metal contents in pore water of different dam sites are in order of AN (Fe: 9.98, Mn: 40.6) > AD(8.33, 37.5) > DD(1.91, 2.55). According to the results of extracted organic materials from sediment, humic substances is occupied with over 85% in total organic carbon including 23~45% of humic acid (HA) and 0.9~8.5% of fulvic acid (FA). However, HA content in pore water is not detectable while FA contents, acid-soluble humic fractions is higher than that of sediment(10~15%). which indicating that FA is a main humic components affecting water color. The color unit per DOC of FA in pore waters of different dam sites are found to be higher in lake A than lake D. From the results, it could be suggested that blackish-water phenomena of lake A are mainly arise from higher concentration of Mn and water soluble organic fractions (e.g., FA) released from sediments as well as the strength of turnover in Dam reservoir.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제32권11호
• /
• pp.1054-1062
• /
• 2010

휴믹물질의 산화중합반응은 천연 효소나 금속산화물 촉매에 의해 유도될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 천연 효소인 horseradish peroxidase (HRP)에 의한 휴믹산의 특성 변화와 이러한 변화된 특성이 정밀여과 공정에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 정제된 Aldrich 휴믹산(PAHA)이 HRP 및 과산화수소 존재 하에 산화중합되어 보다 크고 복잡한 분자를 형성하였으며, 크기배제크로마토그래피(SEC, size exclusion chromatography, SEC)에서도 평균분자량의 증가가 관찰되었다. 또한, HRP 및 $H_2O_2$ 주입량이 증가함에 따라 PAHA의 분자량은 더욱 증가하였다. 휴믹물질의 화학적 안정성은 산화중합반응에 기인한 휴믹 분자 상호간의 공유결합이 촉진됨에 따라 향상되었으며, 형광 분광 및 적외선 분광 분석 결과, 산화중합반응에 의한 PAHA 분자 작용기의 변화도 확인되었다. 수처리 공정에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해, 정밀여과를 적용한 결과, 산화중합반응 산물은 높은 분자량으로 인해 그 제거효율이 크게 향상되었다. 이는 산화중합된 자연유기물이 정밀여과에 의해 제거될 수 있음을 증명하는 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.727-733
• /
• 2011

A new Korean standard for the determination of Cr(VI) in soils has been officially published as ES 07408.1 in 2009. This analytical method is based on the hot alkaline digestion and colorimetric detection prescribed by U.S. EPA method 3060A and 7196A. The hot alkaline digestion accomplished using 0.28 M $Na_2CO_3$ and 0.5 M NaOH solution (pH 13.4) at $90{\sim}95^{\circ}C$ determines total Cr(VI) in soils extracting all forms of Cr(VI), including water-soluble, adsorbed, precipitated, and mineral-bound chromates. This aggressive alkaline digestion, however, proved to be problematic for certain soils which contain large amounts of soluble humic substances or active manganese oxides. Cr(III) could be oxidized to Cr(VI) by manganese oxides during the strong alkaline extraction, resulting in overestimation (positive error) of Cr(VI). In contrast, Cr(VI) reduction by dissolved humic matter or Fe(II) could occur during the neutralization and acidic colorimetric detection procedure, resulting in underestimation (negative error) of Cr(VI). Futhermore, dissolved humic matter hampered the colorimetric detection of Cr(VI) using UV/Vis spectrophotometer due to the strong coloration of the filtrate, resulting in overestimation (positive error) of Cr(VI). Without understanding the mechanisms of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) transformation during the analysis it could be difficult to operate the experiment in laboratory and to evaluate the Cr(VI) results. For this reason, in this paper we described the theoretical principles and limitations of Cr(VI) analysis and provided useful guidelines for laboratory work and Cr(VI) data analysis.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2015

Soil column experiments were evaluated effects of silver nanoparticles (i.e., 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) on the microbial viability which is strongly associated with the degradation of organic matter, pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs) and biological oxidation of nitrogenous compounds during river bank filtration. The addition of silver nanoparticles resulted in almost no change in the aqueous matrix. However, the intact cell concentration decreased with addition of silver nanoparticles from 2.5 to 10 mg/L, which accounted for 76% to 82% reduction compared to that of control (silver nanoparticles free surface water). The decrease in adenosine triphosphate was more pronounced; thus, the number and active cells in aqueous phase were concurrently decreased with added silver nanoparticles. Based on the florescence excitation-emission matrix and liquid chromatograph - organic carbon detection analyses, it shows that the removal of protein-like substances was relatively higher than that of humic-like substances, and polysaccharide was substantially reduced. But the extent of those substances removed during soil passage was decreased with the increasing concentration of silver nanoparticles. The attenuation of ionic PhACs ranged from 55% to 80%, depending on the concentration of silver nanoparticles. The attenuation of neutral PhACs ranged between 72% and 77%, which was relatively lower than that observed for the ionic PhACs. The microbial viability was affected by silver nanoparticles, which also resulted in inhibition of nitrifiers.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 1976

본 연구는 현재로는 인삼의 조작이 불가능한 것으로 인식되어 있는 장애 현상을 생태화학적인 면에서 검사하여 그 원인을 추구하려 하였다. 현재 인삼의 조작장애 원인은 특정균의 침해로 해석하고 있으나, 그 병 유발의 원인에 대하여는 아직 불분명하며 여러 가지 가능성이 추리된다. 삼재배지와 비재배지 토양의 일반적인 성질의 비교에서는 별차이를 볼 수 없었으며, 경작을 통한 유기물의 증가와 그에 따른 양이온 교환용량의 상승을 볼 수 있었다. 삼 재배지와 비 재배 토양에서 알칼리로 추출되는 부식물의 성상을 비교하였으나, 적외선부 흡황곡선으로는 양자간에 별차이점이 없이 공통 또는 유사성을 보이는 급광대를 가지며 재배지역에 따라 근소한 상이점을 보였다. 한편 삼근권 토양의 에탄을 추출물에는 삼생육 기간중 분비하였을 것으로 추정되는 물질들이 함유되어 있으며 정성적인 검색으로 상근성분의 일부와 같거나 또는 유사한 것으로 보였다. 이러한 근권내 특수 유기물질과 연작장애와의 연관성은 삼근 부패인(특정 미생물)의 특성을 고려하여 상호 긴밀히 검토되어야 할 것이다.

• 에너지공학
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.70-80
• /
• 2018

Natural organic matter (NOM) is among the most common pollutant in underground and surface waters. It comprises of humic substances which contains anionic macromolecules such as aliphatic and aromatic compounds of a wide range of molecular weights along with carboxylic, phenolic functional groups. Although the concentration of NOM in potable water usually lies in the range of 1-10 ppm. Conventional treatment technologies are facing challenge in removing NOM effectively. The main issues are concentrated to low efficiency, membrane fouling, and harmful by-product formation. Ion-exchangers can be considered as an efficient and economic pretreatment technology for the removal of NOM. It not only consumes less time for pretreatment but also resist formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), an unwanted harmful by-product. This article provides a comprehensive review of ion exchange processes for the removal of NOM.