• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1126-1133
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• 2002

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid (LA) and has anti-cancer activity in experimental animals. We have previously observed that an isomeric mixture of CLA and trans-10,cis-12 (t10c12) inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner whereas LA and cis-9,trans-11 (c9t11) had no effect. The present study examined whether the CLA mixture and t10c12 induce apoptotic cell death. TSU-Prl cells were incubated for three days in serum-free medium in the absence or presence of individual fatty acids, and the DNA fragmentation assay was performed. Cells treated with the CLA mixture or t10c12 produced a distinct oligonucleosomal ladder with different sizes of DNA fragments, a typical characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis. By contrast, LA and c9t11 had no effect. Western immunoblot analysis of total lysates revealed that t10c12 reduced anti-apoptotic, 26 kDa, Bcl-2 protein levels by 49$\pm$8% compared with controls, whereas this CLA isomer did not alter pro-apoptotic,21 kDa, Bax protein levels. These results suggest that growth inhibitory effect of the t10c12 CLA isomer may, at least in part, be attributed to Increased apoptotic death in TSU-Prl cells.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.101-110
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• 2011

목적 : 이 연구는 봉독이 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성억제를 통하여 전립선 암세포주인 DU-145 세포의 성장을 억제하 는지를 확인하고 그 기전을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법 : 봉독을 처리한 후 DU-145의 성장억제를 관찰하기 위해 WST-1 assay를 시행하였고, 세포자멸사의 관찰에는 DAPI staining assay를 통한 세포형태관찰을 시행하였으며, 염증관련유전자 발현 관찰에는 western blot analysis를 시행하였고, 세포자멸사와 연관된 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성 변화를 관찰하기 위해 EMSA와 luciferase assay를 시행하였으며, DU-145에서 봉독과 NF-${\kappa}$B의 상호작용을 관찰하기 위해 transient transfection assay를 시행하여 세포생존율과 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성 변동을 측정하였다. 결과 : DU-145 세포에서 봉독을 처리한 후 세포성장이 억제되었으며, 염증관련유전자 발현 및 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성의 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. DU-145 세포에서 NF-${\kappa}$B의 p50와 IKK들을 치환하여 작용기를 없애고 봉독을 처리하였을 경우에도 세포활성 및 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성의 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과는 봉독이 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성 억제를 통하여 인간 전립선암세포주인 DU-145의 세포자멸사를 유발함으로써 증식억제 효과가 있음을 입증한 것으로 전립선암의 예방과 치료에 대한 효과적인 치료제 개발에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. 다만 그 기전에서 봉독은 기존연구와 같은 NF-${\kappa}$B p50 및 IKK들의 작용기와 상호작용 이외에 다른 기전이 관여되는 것으로 심화 연구를 요한다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

목적 : 이 연구는 봉약침의 주요성분인 멜리틴이 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성억제를 통하여 세포자멸사를 유도하고, 전립선 암세포주인 DU-145 세포의 성장을 억제하는지를 확인하고 멜리틴의 NF-${\kappa}$B 활성억제기전을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법 : 멜리틴을 처리한 후 DU-145의 성장억제를 관찰하기 위해 WST-1 assay를 시행하였고, 세포자멸 사의 관찰에는 DAPI stairung assay를 통한 세포형태관찰을 시행하였으며, 염증관련유전자 발현 관찰에는 western blot analysis를 시행하였고, 세포자멸사와 연관된 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성 변화를 관찰하기 위해 EMSA와 luciferase assay를 시행하였으며, DU-145에서 멜리틴과 NF-${\kappa}$B의 상호작용을 관찰하기 위해 transient transfection assay를 시행 시 세포생존율과 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성 변동을 측정하였다. 결과 : DU-145 세포에 멜리틴을 처리한 후, 전립선암세포의 성장, 세포자멸사의 유발, 염중관련유전자 발현 및 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성, NF-${\kappa}$B의 p50 치환 후 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성과 DU-145 세포 증식에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. DU-145 세포에서 멜리틴을 처리한 후 세포자멸사가 유도되어 세포성장이 억제되었다. 2. DU-145 세포에서 멜리틴을 처리한 후 염증관련유전자 발현 및 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성에 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 3. DU-145 세포에서 NF-${\kappa}$B의 p50와 IKK들을 치환하여 작용기를 없애고 멜리틴을 처리하였을 경우에도 세포활성 및 NF-${\kappa}$B의 활성의 유의한 감소를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1159-1163
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• 2019

Although there is a growing interest in male menopause, a phenomenon associated with male hormone depletion, current kits using antibodies to quantify male hormones are expensive. In this study, we constructed an in vitro system for verifying the activity or concentration of male steroid hormones using a transcriptional activity test. A reporter plasmid, pGL2-Neo-ARE-AdE1BTATA, which reacts to testosterone, was constructed. In this plasmid, the ARE-AdE1bTATA sequences can be bounded by the testosterone - androgen receptor complex to express luciferase as a reporter. Then, a stable transfection was performed on the human prostate cancer cell line, LNcap-LN3. The constructed LNcap-LN3/pGL2-Neo-ARE-AdE1BTATA testosterone compound detection (TCD) system showed quantitatively proportional luciferase activities to concentrations of $10^{-13}$ to $10^{-8}M$ of standard testosterone. The established in vitro TCD system will contribute to the development of materials for health/functional foods and drugs as it will be possible to search en masse for testosterone-like or testosterone-inhibiting substances derived from natural materials.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.409-415
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• 2010

In this study, the bioactivities of ethanol (EELS) and water extract (WELS) from the leaf of Lythrum salicaria L. were investigated. In the anti-cancer activity, the growths of both human prostate cancer (DU145) and human colonic carcinoma cell (HT29) were inhibited up 60% by adding 10 mg/$m{\ell}$ of EELS. Anti-inflammatory activity of EELS and WELS have been evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced release of nitric oxide (NO) by the macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. EELS and WELS inhibited inflammatory by 57.3 and 46.9% in 10 mg/$m{\ell}$, respectively. In the anti-oxidative activity, $IC_{50}$ of DPPH radical scavenging activity was respectively 60.71 and $92.90\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by EELS and WELS. In the anti-diabetic activity, $IC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity of EELS and WELS were respectively 5,250 and $5,020\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. $IC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was 7.96 and $68.41\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by EELS and WELS. In the anti-obesity, $IC_{50}$ of lipase inhibitory activity was 880 and $9,840\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by EELS and WELS. Finally, EELS and WELS exhibited anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic activity and anti-obesity. It suggests that Lythrum salicaria L. could be potentially used as a resource of bioactive materials for health functional foods.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.757-765
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• 2000

Background : Angiogenesis plays a critical role in human tumor growth and metastasis. Microvessel count as a measure of tumor angiogenesis, has been significantly correlated with invasive and metastatic patterns in breast. prostate and cutaneous carcinomas. Materials and Methods : Fifty patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer were evaluated. Tumor tissues embedded in paraffin block were stained by anti CD 31 (PECAM, platelet endothelial cellular adhesion molecule) using immunohistochemical method to assess microvessel count. Microvessels were counted in the most active areas of neovascularization(microscopy, 200$\times$). Results: 1) Mean microvessel count was 47.1$\pm$17.7(per 200$\times$field) in total 50 cases. 2) Mean microvessel count of adenocarcinoma (54.4$\pm$19.9) was significantly higher than that of squamous cancer (43.9$\pm$16.2) (p<0.05), but there were no relationship between microvessel count and TNM stages. 3) Median survival time, 2-year and 5-year survival rates of the low microvascular group (microvessel count<45, 22 cases) were 61 months, 80% and 40%, respectively, and those of the high microvascular group(microvessel count$\geq$45, 28 cases) were 46 months, 75% and 12%, respectively. As results, prognosis of low microvascular group is statistically significantly superior to that of the high microvascular group (p=0.0162, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank). Conclusion : Angiogenesis assessed by microvessel count can be used as one of the significant prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2015

Various natural products or their derivatives, mostly originating from plants, fungi, and bacteria, have been exploited as therapeutic drugs to treat various human diseases. In addition to previously explored organisms, research on natural compounds has now expanded into unexamined living organisms in order to identify novel bioactive substances. Here, we determined whether or not the larval form of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor, a species of darkling beetle, contains cytotoxic substances that exclusively affect cancer cell viability. Ethanol extract and its solvent partitioned fractions, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions, showed anticancer effects against various human cancer cells derived from the prostate (PC3 and 22Rv1), cervix (HeLa), liver (PLC/PRF5, HepG2, Hep3B, and SK-HEP-1), colon (HCT116), lung (NCI-H460), breast (MDA-MB231), and ovary (SKOV3). Cell death induced by the fractions was a mix of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. The hexane fraction was administered intraperitoneally to nude mice bearing a hepatocellular carcinoma SK-HEP-1 and showed inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, we concluded that worm extracts contain cytotoxic substances, which can be enriched by proper fractionation protocols, and further separation and purification could lead to the identification of novel molecules to treat human cancers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.746-749
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• 2006

Two known flavonoids, luteolin (1) and acacetin (2) were isolated from a $CHCI_3$ soluble fraction of the whole plants of Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich var. latilobum Kitamura, and their structures were determined by NMR analysis. The luteolin (1) was isolated from this plant for the first time. These compounds were examined for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines including HCT116 (colon), UO-31 (renal), PC-3 (prostate) and A549 (lung) by sulforhodamine B(SRB) assay. Acacetin (2) showed significant cytotoxic activity against HCT116 and UO-31 cells with an $IC_{50}$ of 2.44 and $2.89\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.425-430
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• 2005

[${\beta}-sitosterol$] is a plant sterol that reduces cholesterol levels and inhibits the growth of human prostate and colon cancer cells. Optimal conditions for ${\beta}-sitosterol$ production were examined from cell suspension cultures of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. The callus induction was optimal in MS medium containing 1 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l BAP. Cell suspension culture was also established from the callus. Optimal ${\beta}-sitosterol$ production was obtained when the cells were cultured at an initial density of 2 mg DCW/l in MS medium containing 1 X sucrose (30 mg/l), 1 X nitrogen (1900 mg/l $KNO_3$, 1650 mg/l $NH_4NO_3$), and 1 X phosphate source (170 mg/l). In cell suspension cultures of C. coronarium L. using shake flasks, the peak content of ${\beta}-sitosterol$ was $150{\mu}g/g$ DCW. In cell suspension cultures of C. coronarium L. using an air-lift bioreactor, the maximum ${\beta}-sitosterol$ content of $143.8{\mu}g/g$ DCW was obtained at an air-flow rate of 100 cc/min.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.211-226
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• 2022

Choline, an essential nutrient for humans, is required for the structural integrity of the cell membranes, methyl-group metabolism, synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, synthesis of the membrane phospholipid components of the cell membranes, and the transport of lipids and cholesterol. Choline can be synthesized in the body, but it is insufficient to meet the daily requirements and hence it must be obtained through the diet. In the United States/Canada, Australia/New Zealand, Europe, China, and Taiwan, the adequate intake (AI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) of choline have been established, while the establishment of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for choline was postponed due to the lack of a choline database for Korean foods and studies on the choline intake of Koreans. However, as part of the preparation work for the 2020 DRI revision and finalization, choline intake and the possibility of disease occurrence were verified through analysis of published data. The groundwork for the subsequent establishment of a choline DRI was laid through a literature search, evaluation, and review of the literature reported from 1949 up to 2019. This can be regarded as the culmination of this project. According to the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional observational studies in humans, approximately 400-500 mg/day of choline intake was effective in preventing liver function damage (fatty liver), neural tube damage, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and cognitive function improvement. The same amount of choline intake, however, also correlated with the risk of prostate and colorectal cancer. At present, there is limited information available on choline intake and health outcomes, particularly for the Korean population. More human studies, including clinical trials on the requirements and the physiological benefits associated with dietary intake, are needed to establish the KDRI for choline.