• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.203-210
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• 2007

Since the emissions composition from the household products have potentially been associated with health risks for building occupants, the chemical composition emitted from the products should be surveyed. The current study identified the emission composition for 42 liquid household products, using a purge-and-trap method. This evaluation was done by classifying the household products into five product classes (deodorizers, household cleaners, color removers, pesticides, and polishes). Nineteen compounds were chosen on the basis of selection criteria. The quality control program for purge-and-trap and analytical systems included tests of laboratory blank Tenax traps and blank water samples, and the determination of calibration equation, measurement precision, method detection limit (MDL), and recovery. The number of chemicals varied according to the product categories, ranging from 4 for the product category of bleaches to 12 for the product categories of air fresheners and nail color removers. For all product categories, the emission composition and concentrations varied broadly according to product. It is noteworthy that most household products emit limonene: 19 of 25 cleaning products; 5 of 6 deodorizers; 1 of 3 pesticides; 3 of 3 color removers; and 4 of 5 polishes. It was suggested that the use of household products sold in Korea could elevate the formation of secondary toxic pollutants in indoor environments, by the reaction of limonene with ozone, which entered indoor environments or might be generated by indoor sources such as electronic air cleaning devices and copying machines.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.205-209
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• 2003

Solubilization of domestic household waste through Steam explosion with Subsequent ethanol production by the microbial saccharifitation and fermentation of the exploded product was studied. The effects of steam explosion on the changes of the density, viscosity, pH, and amounts of extractive components in artificial household waste were determined. The composition of artificial waste used was similar to leftover waste discharged from a typical home in Japan. Consecutive microbial saccharification and fermentation, and simultaneous microbial saccharification and fermentation of the Steam-exploded product were attempted using Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma viride, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the ethanol yields of each process were compared. The highest ethanol yield was obtained with simultaneous microbial saccharification and fermentation of exploded product at a steam pressure of 2 MPa and a steaming time of 3 min.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.31
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• pp.24.1-24.7
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• 2016

The humidifier disinfectant disaster (HDD) was not a simple poisoning accident by biocides, but a singular disaster in history created by chemicals in household products. This disaster was a result of the failure of a system for the management of chemical and product safety. Since the management authority for chemical usage safety is different from those for chemical safety in products, many blind areas for chemical safety management in products still remain. The 'Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (ARECS)' or the new 'Biocidal Product Act' must not only address the blind areas in the management system for chemical and product safety, but also prevent a second HDD. To prevent another HDD, an integrated registration, evaluation, and management system for chemicals and consumer products must be incorporated into the 'ARECS' as an essential part for chemical safety in consumer products.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2024

Background: Appropriateness issues have emerged regarding the non-application of hazardous substance safety standards for items classified as 'other textile products'. Objectives: Testing for formaldehyde (HCHO) and risk assessment were conducted on 'other textiles products' to provide reference data for promoting product safety policies. Methods: Testing was conducted on five items (102 products) classified as 'other textile products' according to relevant standards (textile products safety standards), and the risk of each product was assessed using the evaluation methodologies of the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) and European Chemical Agency (ECHA). Results: Out of the 102 products tested, HCHO was detected above the quantification limit in five. Based on these results, the screening risk assessment indicated that three products exceeded the criteria. Upon reassessing the emission and transfer rates of products exceeding the criteria, it was confirmed that there were no instances of exceeding the criteria. Conclusions: Risk assessment results can be used as supporting data for non-application of hazardous substance standards. However, it is deemed necessary to transition towards a management approach based on risks in order to addressing emerging trends such as convergence/new products.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1997.06a
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• pp.207-231
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• 1997

The use household water purifier is continuously increasing due to the distrust of the piped, rap water, which may be caused by the deterioration of water quality and water supply facilities in Korea. The water purifier distributing in the domestic market is the membrane type that composes of membrane as a basic filter, sediment filter as a prefilter and activated carbon filter instead of one purifying water system. The membrane type using as a water cleaning system is mainly the method of micro filtration(NIF) as well as ultra filtration(UF) and reverse osmosis(RO). The types of MF and UF are using to remove suspended solids and virus, and RO is using to remove ionic compound in chemical organic compounds. At the beginning the household water purifier was imported as end-product or assembled by only importing module from small businesses in Korea. Therefore, people was hard to confide in the product quality because the sales policy and management of water purifier by small business were not effectively organized. However, the defects of water purifier having up to now ate improving by the efforts of special branches of water purifier and large enterprises, and new great products are developing and producing. To develop the best quality product of water purifier in Korea, it should be considered seasonal water characteristrics rather than any other condition. For example, the water purifier can be affected by the water temperature change, increase of suspended solids in the rainy season and inflow of raw water having concentration in a dry season. The subject we have to investigate in the future is to develop the water purifying system adaptable in Korea which can treat the water quality using close analyses of local and seasonal water characteristics.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.195-205
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• 2022

Background: The biggest concern when using household chemical products is the health risk from inhalation exposure. Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to provide information necessary for estimating inhalation exposure factors in several countries/organizations and to present some examples. Methods: We attempted to use PRISMA-ScR for a systematic review, but no major reports were found. We used the Google search function instead to find 'exposure factor handbook'. As for the results, inhalation exposure factors from South Korea, the United States, Canada, the EU, Australia, Japan, and China were compared. Results: The basic concept and origin of exposure factors was the US Environmental Protection Agency's Exposure Factor Handbook. Its latest version is 2011, but several chapters have been updated in 2017, 2018, and 2019. South Korea's Exposure Factor Handbook was updated in 2019, more recently than those of other countries, and was systematically investigated. In South Korea, the average daily respiratory rate is 14.62 m³/day for adults and 12.73 m³/day for children. It is difficult to compare breathing rate by country because each country divides age groups differently and uses different methods to estimate it. Information on household chemical products, space used, and ventilation rate are in the exposure factor handbook in some countries and not in others. It is not in the handbook in South Korea, but in the notice from the NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research), a sub-regulation of the Chemical Product Safety Act. Conclusions: The exposure factors registered in South Korea's exposure factor handbook have been systematically studied and reflect the most recent data. When using data not in the relevant handbook, data from other countries might be applied, but it should be determined whether the nature and quality of the original data have been managed.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.213-217
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• 2015

Recently, household electronic industries require environmentally-friendly and highly functional steels in order to enhance the quality of human life. Customers especially require both excellent corrosion and abrasion resistant anti-fingerprint steels for digital TV panels. Thus POSCO has developed new functional electro-galvanized steels, which have double coated layers with organic-inorganic composites on the zinc surface of the steel for usage as the bottom chassis panel of TVs. The inorganic solution for the bottom layer consists of inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and zirconium compounds with a small amount of epoxy binder, and affords both improved adhesion properties by chemical conversion reactions and corrosion resistance due to a self-healing effect. The composite solution for the top layer was prepared by fine dispersion of organic-inorganic ingredients that consist of a urethane modified polyacrylate polymer, hardener, silica sol and a titanium complex inhibitor in aqueous media. Both composite solutions were coated on the steel surface by using a roll coater and then cured through an induction furnace in the electro-galvanizing line. New anti-fingerprint steel was evaluated for quality performance through such procedures as the salt spray test for corrosion resistance, tribological test for abrasion resistance, and conductivity test for surface electric conductance regarding to both types of polymer resin and coating weight of composite solution. New composite coated anti-fingerprint steels afford both better corrosion resistance and abrasion properties compared to conventional anti-fingerprint steel that mainly consists of acrylate polymers. Detailed discussions of both composite solutions and experimental results suggest that urethane modifications of acrylate polymers of composite solutions play a key role in enhanced quality performances.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2007

The cosmetic and toiletries are necessary health care & household for common life. However we need antiseptic which is effecting harmlessly to the human body. There are propolis, Lavender, Lemon, essential oil in the natural antiseptic materials. This work proceeded design Natural-antiseptic system with three materials as above-mentioned. Natural-antiseptic system was accomplished with propolis (2%), Lavender essential oil (0.3%), Lemon essential oil (0.3%) safety out of Polysorbate 20 (0.5%), Polysorbate 80 (0.5%), PEG (60) hydrogenated castor oil (0.45%), ethanol (5%). The antimicrobial test was experimented on E. coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus. In this antimicrobial test, we found that the effect of antisepsis against E. coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus with propolis 0.3%, Lavender essential oil 0.045% and Lemon essential oil 0.045% was improved. Therefore could expect Natural-antiseptic system product for moisturizing skin toner for face, nourishing essence and wet tissue for clean other things.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2007

We optimized braising time to improve the storage quality of braised kidney beans. The beans were prepared with different heating times between 25 and 50 min. and then stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 20 day. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic quality indices were monitored throughout storage. Longer braising times yielded products with lower concentrated brine coverage. Bis resulted in higher soluble contents and slightly lower water activities. Excessive heating time exposed the kidney beans to air and caused rapid microbial growth on the surfaces of the beans, which negatively affected product quality. The longest heating time of 50 min. also resulted in a large increase in product hardness. A braising time of 30 min. was best for preservation, as good sensory quality was mainatained.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.376-389
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• 2022

Despite the consumption of disinfectants have been increased by COVID-19 pandemic, the fate of the chemicals in aquatic food webs are still unclear. In order to understand the trophic transfer of the chemicals, the concentration of disinfectants including six benzalkonium chloride (BACs) and five didecyldimethylammonium chlorides(DDACs) were measured at the Geum (2020), Han (2021), and Yeongsan River (2021), before and after rainfall. The highest concentration of ∑BACs (mainly C12 and C14) and ∑DDACs (mainly C10 and C14) were observed in the Han River, followed by Yeongsan River, Geum River Estuary, and Gapcheon. After rainfalls, both concentration and detection frequency were decreased in all sites. Although the BAC and DDAC seems to be accumulated in organisms, they were bio-diluted rather than magnified in the aquatic food web with the biomagnification factor(BMF) of less than 1, trophic magnification slope (TMS) from -0.236 to 0.001, and trophic magnification factor(TMF) from 0.85 to 1.01.