• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.669-676
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the improved cold tolerance resulting from cool clothing in winter on heat tolerance in summer. Ten healthy women were divided into two groups, cold group(C group) (n=5) and warm group(W group) (n=5) . In the previous study, C group was proved that their cold acclimatization was achieved through wearing cool clothing from September to February of the following year, while Wgroup was not proved because of wearing warm clothing during same period. After February, no more clothing training was continued in two groups. To determine the heat tolerance, both groups were exposed from a thermoneutral environment(25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H.) to a hot environment (35$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H.) before and after clothing training, respectively September in 1994 and truly in 1995. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, thermal sensation and comfort were measured every 10 min., and Os uptake was measured at 10, 45, 85 min. after entering the chamber for 5 min. Body weight was measured before and after the experiment and amount of local sweat was measured during the 90 min long experiment. The results are as follows: Rectal temperatures in 35'c environment of C group were increased after training when compared with before clothing, while those of W group were not changed. But the changes of rectal temperature and heat production during 90 min in hot environment were almost the same in two groups after training. And mean skin temperatures, the changes of mean skin temperatures during 90 min in hot environment, total sweat amount and local sweat amount after training were also the same in two groups. From these results, it might be supposed that the heat loss of two groups were the same but the heat production, especially heat production during rest in C group was higher than in Wgroup. This fact suggests that the increase of rest heat production from cold acclimatization in winter is maintained to summer of the following year. And mild cold acclimatization coming from westing cool clothing does not have a negative effect on heat tolerance.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.205-227
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• 2013

Current design standards do not provide adequate guidelines for the fire design of cold-formed steel compression members subject to flexural-torsional buckling. Eurocode 3 Part 1.2 (2005) recommends the same fire design guidelines for both hot-rolled and cold-formed steel compression members subject to flexural-torsional buckling although considerable behavioural differences exist between cold-formed and hot-rolled steel members. Past research has recommended the use of ambient temperature cold-formed steel design rules for the fire design of cold-formed steel compression members provided appropriately reduced mechanical properties are used at elevated temperatures. To assess the accuracy of flexural-torsional buckling design rules in both ambient temperature cold-formed steel design and fire design standards, an experimental study of slender cold-formed steel compression members was undertaken at both ambient and elevated temperatures. This paper presents the details of this experimental study, its results, and their comparison with the predictions from the current design rules. It was found that the current ambient temperature design rules are conservative while the fire design rules are overly conservative. Suitable recommendations have been made in relation to the currently available design rules for flexural-torsional buckling including methods of improvement. Most importantly, this paper has addressed the lack of experimental results for slender cold-formed steel columns at elevated temperatures.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.60-74
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• 2007

해양환경의 시공간적 분포 패턴을 정량적으로 분석하기 위해 남해 광양만 해양환경 관측 자료를 이용하여 글로벌 및 국지적 공간자기상관 통계를 적용하였다. 연구지역 전체의 해양환경 분포 패턴을 이해하기 위해 Moran's I, General G와 같은 글로벌 공간자기상관 지수를 사용하였으며, 대상 피쳐(feature)와 이웃 피쳐들과의 유사성 정도를 측정하고 hot spot 및 cold spot을 탐지하기 위해 국지적 Moran's I ($I_i$), $G_i{^*}$와 같은 LISA(local indicators of spatial association)를 사용하였고, 공간 군집 패턴의 신뢰성은 Z-score를 통한 통계적 유의성 검증을 수행하였다. 공간 통계 결과를 통해 년 중 해양환경 공간분포 패턴의 변화를 정량적으로 알 수 있었는데, 일반 해양수질, 영양염, 클로로필 및 식물플랑크톤은 여름철에 강한 군집 패턴을 보였다. 글로벌 지수에서 강한 군집 패턴을 보였을 때 속성 값의 공간적인 변화가 심한 음적 $I_i$ 값을 가지는 전선지역이 탐지되었다. 또한, 글로벌 지수에서 임의적 패턴을 보였을 때 국지적 지수인 $G_i{^*}$에서는 좁은 지역에서 hot spot과(또는) cold spot이 탐지되었다. 따라서 글로벌 지수는 연구 지역 전체 군집 패턴의 강도와 시계열적 변화 과정 탐지에, 국지적 지수를 통해서는 hot spot과 cold spot 위치 추적에 유용함을 알 수 있었다. 해양환경 공간분포 패턴과 군집 특성을 정량화는 것은 해양환경을 보다 깊이 이해할 수 있도록 할 뿐 아니라, 패턴의 원인을 찾는데도 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.668-675
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to collect data of skin temperature and physiological responses which is useful for standardization of insulation measurement in various garments. And we investigated sex and season difference of physiological responses of 60's males and 60's females in hot and cold environment. Healthy ten 60's males and ten 60's females volunteered as subjects. The experiment was conducted three times; One for winter condition($5^{\circ}C$, 45%), another for summer condition($30^{\circ}C$, 65%) and the other for nude condition as control($30^{\circ}C$, 65%). The subjects were sitting for 1 hour with suitable ensemble on each experimental condition in climate chamber. We measured skin temperature, rectal temperature, heart rate, oxygen uptake, sweat rate, blood flow, blood pressure and subjective sensations. We found that skin temperature and most of physiological responses were higher in male subject, summer condition than in female subject, winter condition.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.145-162
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• 2014

In this study, the fracture toughness $K_{IC}$ of high performance concrete (HPC) was determined by conducting three-point bending tests on eighty notched HPC beams of $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}100mm$ at high temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ (hot) and in cooled-down states (cold). When the concrete beams exposed to high temperatures for 16 hours, both thermal and hygric equilibriums were generally achieved. $K_{IC}$ for the hot concrete sustained a monotonic decrease tendency with the increasing temperature, with a sudden drop at $105^{\circ}C$. For the cold concrete, $K_{IC}$ sustained a two-stage decrease trend, dropping slowly with the heating temperature up to $150^{\circ}C$ and rapidly thereafter. The fracture energy-based fracture toughness $K_{IC}$' was found to follow similar decrease trends with the heating temperature. The weight loss, the fracture energy and the modulus of rapture were also evaluated.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.357-363
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• 2011

In spite of numerous advantages in railroads such as mass transportation, high reliability, and environmental soundness etc., the value of railroad construction is relatively underestimated compared to road. This is because the current method of evaluation focuses mainly on economic effect. In this study, considering recent research results, the environmental value of railroad construction was assessed by calculating the effect of reduction of emissions and water contamination. With these two benefits, the environmental effect produced by railroads and road construction was calculated and compared to each other using EMME/3. As a result, the senario 4 which considers 'Hot/Cold start' condition and water contamination had highest benefits. Furthermore, the environmental effect produced by railroad is 55~101% higher than road construction. If the suggested method is used in the current appraisal system, the environment-friendly mode like railway would be highly valued, much more than before.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.233-234
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• 2002

도시대기오염의 주요 배출원으로 알려진 자동차에서 배출되는 VOCs는 인체에 유해할 뿐만 아니라 대기 중에서 질소산화물(NOx)과 함에 광화학반응을 통한 오존 둥 2차 오염물질인 광화학산화물을 형성하는 전구물질로 작용하기 때문에 환경학적, 보건학적으로 매우 큰 영향을 미친다. 이러한 자동차 배출 VOCs가 오존생성에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 갈수록 증가하고 있는 대기중 오존 농도 심화현상의 규명과 대기질 개선을 위한 기초자료로서 매우 그 필요성이 더해가고 있다. (중략)

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.598-602
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• 2007

A long-term in situ observation was carried out in the Ice-valley at Milyang in order to explain the factors and processes associated with the summertime ice formation. The variation of temperature inside Ice-valley in relation with ice formation in summer time was found to depend on precipitation rate in spring and cold air sinking in autumn and winter. The rate of temperature rising tends to correspond to sensible heat release depending on the precipitation amount at the freezing location. The reason of the cold air accumulation in a talus in the Ice-valley is the cold air sinking over the surface of talus due to the occurrence of outside clod air mass and the accumulated cold air from autumn to spring flow outside at the bottom of talus. The out-flowing cold air can result in the ice formation in the hot summer.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

To study of binder and fine aggregate a lot of replacement fly-ash concrete, initial characteristics, standard environment of curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, hot-weather environment, cold weather environment of curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$. Flash concrete tested slump, air contest, setting and Hardening concrete valuated setting period of form, day of age 3, 7, 28 compression strength in sealing curing. Underwater curing specimen compression strength of age 3. 7, 28day used strength change accordingly fly-ash concrete curing temperature. Purpose of study is consultation materials in field that variety of fly-ash replacement concrete mix proportion comparison and valuation. (1) Setting test result, fly-ash ratio of replacement higher delay totting time. Same volume of fly-ash ratio of replacement is lower fly-ash ratio of replacement fine aggregate delay setting time. Setting test in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$ over twice fast setting in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$ and all specimen setting delay in curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$. F40 specimen end of setting about 30 time. (2) Experiment result age 28day compression strength more fisher plan concrete then standard environment in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, cold weather environment in curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$, most strength F43 is hot-weather environment in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$ replacement binder 25%, fine aggregate 15%. (3) Hot-weather environment replacement a mount of fly-ash is a same of plan concrete setting period of form. Age 28day compression strength replacement a mount of fly-ash more hot-weather concrete then plan concrete.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.567-573
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• 2001

A real-time HVAC system is proposed which implements real-time control of thermal environment for virtual reality. It consists of a pair of hot and cold loops that serve as thermal reservoirs, and a mixing box to mix hot and cold air streams flowing if from loops. Their flow rates are controlled in real-time to meet a set temperature and flow rate. A cascade control algorithm along with gain scheduling is applied to the system and test results shows that the closed-loop response approached set values within 3 to 4 seconds.