• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1795-1799
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• 2008

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a component of hnRNP complexes. This protein binds strongly to cytidine-rich RNA/DNA sequences. It is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. To investigate the functions of hnRNP K, I searched for hnRNP K-interacting proteins in HeLa cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid screening system. One of the cDNA clones is identical to human hnRNP E1 (poly(rC) binding protein 1) cDNA (GenBank accession number XM_031585). In this study, hnRNP K is shown to specifically interact with hnRNP E1 in yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro biochemical assay.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.575-580
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• 2017

This study analyzed the effects of RGG box of hnRNP A1 on its subcellular localization and stabilization of hnRNP A1 over a three year period from October 2014. First, a 6R/K mutation in RGG box was generated, and pcDNA1-HA-hnRNP A1(6R/K) was constructed. The subcellular localization of hnRNP A1(6R/K) from the HeLa cells transfected with this plasmid DNA was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. HA-hnRNP A1(6R/K) was found to exhibit nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence. The stability of hnRNP A1(6R/K) was checked by Western blot analysis using the expressed protein from the HeLa cells transfected with the pcDNA1-HA-hnRNP A1(6R/K). The results show that HA-hnRNP A1(6R/K) has a smaller size. These confirm that HA-hnRNP A1(6R/K) is localized both in the nuclear and cytoplasm, not because 6R/K mutation affects the nuclear localization of hnRNP A1, but because 6R/K mutation causes hnRNP A1(6R/K) to cleave at the mutation or near the mutation site. The cleaved protein fragment, which lacks the M9 domain (i.e. nuclear localization signal of hnRNP A1), did not exhibit nuclear fluorescence. This suggests that the arginines of RGG box in hnRNP A1 play an important role in stabilizing hnRNP A1. An analysis of the RNA-binding ability of hnRNP A1(6R/K) expressed and purified from bacteria will be a subsequent research project.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 2008

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1(hnRNP E1) is one of the primary pre-mRNA binding proteins in human cells. It consists of 356 amino acid residues and harbors three hnRNP K homology(KH) domains that mediate RNA-binding. The hnRNP E1 protein was shown to play important roles in mRNA stabilization and translational control. In order to enhance our understanding of the cellular functions of hnRNP E1, we searched for interacting proteins through a yeast two-hybrid screening while using HeLa cDNA library as target. One of the cDNA clones was found to be human ribosomal protein L18a cDNA(GenBank accession number BC071920). We demonstrated in this study that human ribosomal protein L18a, a constituent of ribosomal protein large subunit, interacts specifically with hnRNP E1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Such an interaction was observed for the first time in this study, and was also verified by biochemical assay.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.461-466
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• 2021

In this article, a portable and cost-effective voltammetric biosensor with nanoparticles was developed for the measurements of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 protein (hnRNP A1) biomarker which can potentially be used for lung cancer diagnosis. Gold nanoparticles were first electrodeposited onto screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) followed by immobilizing a single stranded DNA aptamer specific to hnRNP A1 onto the electrode surface. Ethanolamine was also used when immobilizing DNA aptamer on the surface to prevent signals from non-specific adsorption events. Sequential injection of hnRNP A1 biomarker and anti-hnRNP A1 conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) onto the aptamer chip surface allows to form the sandwich complex of DNA aptamer/hnRNP A1/ALP-anti-hnRNP A1 on the electrode surface which further reacted with 4-aminophenyl phosphate (APP). The electrocatalytic reaction of the enzyme, ALP, and the substrate, APP, resulting in the oxidative current response changes at -0.05 and -0.17 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) against the hnRNP A1 concentration was measured using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, respectively. The Au nanoparticles-integrated voltammetric biosensor was applied to analyze human normal serum solutions possibly suggesting potential applicability for lung cancer diagnosis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2010

It has been shown that CA repeats in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of bcl-2 mRNA contribute the constitutive decay of bcl-2 mRNA and that hnRNP L (heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L) interacts with CA repeats in the 3'-UTR of bcl-2 mRNA, both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether the alteration of hnRNP L affects the stability of bcl-2 mRNA in vivo. Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells were transfected with hnRNP L-specific shRNA or hnRNP L-expressing vector to decrease or increase hnRNP L levels, respectively, followed by an actinomycin D chase. An RT-PCR analysis showed that the rate of degradation of endogenous bcl-2 mRNA was not affected by the decrease or increase in the hnRNP L levels. Furthermore, during apoptosis or autophagy, in which bcl-2 expression has been reported to decrease, no difference in the degradation of bcl-2 mRNA was observed between control and hnRNP L-knock down MCF-7 Cells. On the other hand, the levels of AUF-1 and nucleolin, transacting factors for ARE in the 3'UTR of bcl-2 mRNA, were not significantly affected by the decrease in hnRNP L, suggesting that a disturbance in the quantitative balance between these transacting factors is not likely to interfere with the effect of hnRNP L. Collectively, the findings indicate that the decay of bcl-2 mRNA does not appear to be directly controlled by hnRNP L in vivo.

• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.641-646
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• 2019

The Ron proto-oncogene is a human receptor for macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP). The exclusion of exon 11 in alternative splicing generates ${\Delta}RON$ protein that is constitutively activated. Heterogenous ribonucleaoprotein (hnRNP) $C_1/C_2$ is one of the most abundant proteins in cells. In this manuscript, we showed that both hnRNP $C_1$ and $C_2$ promoted exon 11 inclusion of Ron pre-mRNA and that hnRNP $C_1$ and hnRNP $C_2$ functioned independently but not cooperatively. Moreover, hnRNP $C_1$ stimulated exon 11 splicing through intron 10 activation but not through intron 11 splicing. Furthermore, we showed that, whereas the RRM domain was required for hnRNP $C_1$ function, the Asp/Glu domain was not. In conclusion, hnRNP $C_1/C_2$ promoted exon 11 splicing independently by stimulating intron 10 splicing through RRM but not through the Asp/Glu domain.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2004

Rbm is a male infertility gene located in the AZFb region of the Y chromosome. Expression pattern of Rbm indicates that Rbm is critical for early phase of male germ cell development. It shares strong structural homology with hnRNP G, suggesting a function as an RNA processing factor. In order to gain a clue on the molecular mechanisms of Rbm on male germ cell development, we examined interactions of Rbm with selected proteins in yeast. The results revealed specific interactions between Rbm, hnRNP K and Tra2${\alpha}$. These results suggest that hnRNP K and Tra2${\alpha}$ may be functional partners of Rbm in male germ cells. We propose a model in which hnRNP K may playa role as a platform for Rbm and Tra2${\alpha}$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.228-238
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• 2007

Since molecular structure of hnRNP is not available in foreseeable future, it is best to construct a working model for hnRNP structure. A geometric problem, assembly of $700{\pm}20$ nucleotides with 48 proteins, is visualized by a frame work in which all the proteins participate in primary binding, followed by secondary, tertiary and quaternary binding with neighboring proteins without additional import. Thus, 40S hnRNP contains crown-like secondary structure (48 stemloops) and appearance of 6 petal (octamers) rose-like architectures. The proteins are wrapped by RNA. Co-transcriptional folding for RNP fibril of FMR1 gene can produce 2,571 stem-loops with frequency of 1 stem-loop/15.3 nucleotides and 53 40S hnRNP beaded structure. By spliceosome driven reactions, there occurs removal of 16 separate lariated RNPs, joining 17 separate beaded exonic structures and anchoring EJC on each exon junction. Skipping exon 12 has 5'GU, 3'AG and very compact folding pattern with frequency of 1 stem-loop per 12 nucleotides in short exon length (63 nucleotides). 5' end of exon 12 contains SS (Splicing Silencer) element of UAGGU. In exons 10, 15 and 17 where both regular and alternative splice sites exist, SS (hnRNP A1 binding site) is observed at the regular splicing site. End products are mature FMR-1 mRNP, 4 species of Pri-microRNAs derived from introns 7,9,15 and 3'UTR of exon17, respectively. There may also be some other regulatory RNAs containing ALU/Line elements as well.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 1997

Although extensively characterized in human cells, no heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein(hnRNP) has been found in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe which is amenable to genetic studies and more similar to mammals than Saccharomyces cerevisiae is in terms of RNA processing. As a first step to characterize hnRNPs from S. pombe, attempt was made to find human hnRNP A1 homologs from S. pombe. The RNA molecule (A1 winner) containing the consensus high-affinity hnRNP A1 binding site (UAGGGA/U) was synthesized in vitro and used in an ultraviolet(UV) light-induced protein-RNA cross-linking assay. A number of S, pombe proteins bound to the A1 winner RNA. An approximately 50-kDa protein(p50) cross-linked more efficiently to the A1 winner RNA than other proteins. The p50 protein did not cross-link to a nonspecific RNA, but rather to the A1-5’ SS RNA in which the consensus 5’ splice junction sites of S. pombe introns were abolished. This suggests that the p50 protein, however, did not bind to the single-stranded DNA to shich the human hnRNP A1 could bind and be eluted with 0.5M NaCl. Further analysis should reveal more features of this RNA-binding protein.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.318-322
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• 2017

Brain cytoplasmic 200 RNA (BC200 RNA) is a neuron-specific non-coding RNA, implicated in the inhibition of local synaptodendritic protein synthesis, and is highly expressed in some cancer cells. Although BC200 RNA has been shown to inhibit translation in vitro, the cellular location of this inhibition is unknown. In this study, we used a BC200 RNA-recognizing antibody to identify the cellular locations of BC200 RNA in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. We observed punctate signals in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and further discovered that BC200 RNA co-localized with the p-body decapping enzyme, DCP1A, and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E2 (hnRNP E2). The latter is a known BC200 RNA-binding partner protein and a constituent of p-bodies. This suggests that BC200 RNA is localized to p-bodies via hnRNP E2.