• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.678-686
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cooking process of red beans used to prepare Bab (cooked rice) in cooking books published from late 19th century to the present. There are 3 different types of Bab that use red beans; Jungdeungbab, Patbab and Patsura, and cooking process vary between different cooking books. For making Jungdeungbab, one method is to cook the red beans in the water first, and then only the water, after draining the cooked red beans, is used to cook rice. The other method is to smash the cooked red beans and collect the water that passes through the smashed red beans to cook the rice. For Patbab, 2 cooking methods were found. One is to cook the whole red beans first and then to add them to the rice for cooking. Another method is to break the red beans into two pieces and mix them with rice and cook them together. Patsura is the red bean used to prepare the Bab offered to Kings during the Chosun dynasty(1392~1910). The cooking process of Patsura is similar to both Jundeungbab and Patbab. In Ijogungjeongyoritonggo(1957), the cooking method of Patsura is similar to that of Patbab; breaking red beans into two pieces and then mixing them with rice and cooking them together. Another method, which is similar to Jungdeungbab, is found in Ijogungjeongyoritonggo(1957) and Hangukyoribaekguasajeon(1976). In Ijogungjeongyoritonggo(1957), the cooking method is to cook the red beans first and then squeeze them after putting them into a sack and then using the extract to cook rice. In Hangukyoribaekguasajeon(1976), the red bean is prepared by first cooking red beans in water, and then only the water, after draining the cooked red bean, is used to cook rice. In further studies, the cooking procedures used in the previous period of the late 19th century should be examined.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

Ayurveda is an Indian traditional medicine coming down from ancient times. In the past, it was propagated with Buddhism, and had a great influence on the medicine in East Asia. At present, it is getting a lot attention as an alternative medicine. A variety of researches on ayurveda are being done all over the world, but its domestic research situation is still insignificant, especially rare to find any consideration about its origin. Accordingly, this research arranged and considered the contents on the origin of ayurveda that have already been discovered. The origin of ayurveda can be reviewed roughly in three aspects. First, at a mythological viewpoint, it's possible to trace the origin of ayurveda from Brahma which is described as a fount of all sciences and also the Ruler of the Universe. According to "Sushruta Samhita" and "Charaka Samhita", Brahma made 100,000 g$\={a}$th$\={a}$ in 100 chapters, and then reduced them to 8 lessons. Next, tracing documentary origin, ayurveda is known to originate in veda-Aryan's sanctuary, especially Atharva veda. However, practically considered, the present ayurveda can be judged to form from the 3 major classics in the Brahman period- "Charaka Samhita", "Sushruta Samhita", "Ashtanga Sangraha", of which "Charaka Samhita" is the most ancient and prestigious literature. Lastly, a lot of scholars are explaining the ancient Indian civilizations in connection with ayurveda at a historical viewpoint as "a 5-thousand-year-old history", but ayurveda originated in Aryan's sanctuary-veda; thus, it's impracticable to include the Indian medicine before their migration to India in the origin of ayurveda. Accordingly, it is necessary for scholars to do research by distinguishing the ancient Indian medicine before veda from ayurveda.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.100-109
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• 2011

This thesis is a content analysis on whether the proportion of structural element and theme association of television news imagery is different, depending on the historical background, and on what it means, which can be the index of scene-based and realistic report. Most researches of television news are horizontal studies of the same period, making light of vertical studies reflecting the change of age. Therefore, This study analyzed 729 items composed of 11,945 shots extracted from MBC Newsdesk from 1987, to 2007, the samples of which were extracted by systematic random sampling with five years' interval. This content analysis found out that there was high proportion of scene-based and realistic report such as 'sound-bite', 'event footage', 'direct matching' in the year 1987, 2007, and high proportion of 'corroboration shot', 'file footage', 'indirect reference', 'literal matching only' in the year 1997, which revealed the fact that reality-based report had not been faithfully accomplished in 1997.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.2 s.20
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• pp.101-112
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• 2007

Objective : This study was aimed to review the trend of clinical research articles of acupuncture and moxibustion from the year of 1995 to 2006. Methods : The retrieving and analyzing period were from January 1995 to July 2006. Articles were collected by retrieving Pubmed database. Search terms were as follows; 'Acupuncture', 'Acupuncture & Meridian', 'Moxibustion'. After reviewing articles by our pre-defined criteria, Correlation was assessed qualitatively between contents of the final selected articles and those of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Results : The number of acupuncture research articles have increased with higher rate since the year of 2000. In the field of medical devices, the articles were sparsely existed. The percentage of clinical acupuncture research articles was 75%. However, in the category of Korean investigators' researches, it was 46%. Publications by Korean investigators were concentrated to several specific journals of which their impact factor were below 1 point. Conclusion : There needs more qualifying studies in acupuncture studies which are represented by impact factor in Journal Citation Reports. It is necessary to research and develop the medical devices quantatively rating the outcome of acupuncture trials. The secondary research, such as, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, would be a key approach to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture treatments. Moxibustion research would be noticeable in regard to its historical effectiveness and its variable indications.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.11-29
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• 2017

Objectives : Contemporary researches suspect that, contrary to the past belief, the understanding that the cause of warm pathogen lies in the upper portion of human body is an understanding that had been well-established even before Yetianshi. This new understanding now requires us to contemplate the process of theoretical development which this understanding, termed Onsasangsu, had taken within the boundary of the theory of warm pathogen. This paper aims to shed light on this within the framework that this is the emergence of a new theory of warm pathogen caused by a new understanding of warm pathogen. Methods : First, the theories of warm pathogen as developed by historical doctors were studied, and elements that seem to be related to the understanding of Onsasangsu were selected and studied to understand their theoretical characteristics. Furthermore, the paper studied what academic significance do these theories have on the development of the theory of warm pathogen. Results & Conclusions : Provided that the underlying assumption of Onsasangsu is that febrile diseases are caused through moutn and nose, the study showed that this understanding arose before the period of Qing Dynsasty from the need by many doctors to differentiate the pathogens of various diseases such as the disease of heat, febrile disease, and epidemic. The reason that these discussions could not have much impact on the study of febrile disease during the Qing Dynasty could be because they were not passed on down to the future generations, or because commonly held perspective was unable to accept criticisms.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2017

Objectives : There exists a number of books that deal with curing diseases with foods. This includes Shennongbencaojing from Han Dynasty era, Zanyin's Shiloaoxingan and Mengxi's Shilaobencao from Tang Dynasty era, Husihui's Yinshanzhengyao from Won Dynasty era, and Feiboxiong's Sikgamboncho from Qing Dynasty era. This paper aims to delve into the food treatment revealed in Sikgamboncho, which is the latest book in the preceeding list, and studied its differences when compared to other medical books that deal with food treatment methods. Methods : The format and contents of Feiboxiong's Sikgamboncho were studied. For its format, Shilaoaoxingan, Yinshanzhengyao, Shikryochanyo, and Donguibogam were used to compare their formats with that of Sikgamboncho in order to discern the unique characteristics found in the book. For its contents, the paper studied food ingredients and food treatment separately, and then studied the historical significance of Feiboxiong's Sikgamboncho. Results : Sikgamboncho categorizes 12 types of grain, 22 types of vegetables, 7 types of cucumis calyx, 27 types of fruit, 9 types of flavor, 4 types of bird, 4 types of animal, 10 types of fish with scales, 4 types of carapace, and 2 types of worm. The book explains each ingredient's harvest period, its nature, potency, and taboos. The food treatment section explains 74 types of treatments that are divided between the wind, cold, summer heat, dampness, dryness category and the qi, blood phlegm, deficiency, and excess category. Each treatment contains its potency and recipe. Conclusions : Feiboxiong underlined the importance of ingredient through placing significance even to the order of ingredients. Out of the total 74 food treatments, 25 treatments were dedicated to deal with weakness. Feiboxiong attempted to prevent human body from becoming weak, which reflects his emphasis on the importance of food and wellness.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.391-401
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• 2019

This study first investigates the changes of the mean and extreme temperatures and precipitation in East Asia (EA) under stabilized 1.5℃ and 2℃ warming conditions above preindustrial levels provided by HAPPI project. Here, five model with 925 members for 10-year historical period (2006~2015) and 1.5/2.0℃ future warming scenarios (2091~2100) have been used and monthly based data have been analyzed. The results show that the spatial distribution fields over EA and domain averaged variables in HAPPI 1.5/2.0℃ hindcast simulations are comparable to observations. It is found that the magnitude of mean temperature warming in EA and Korea is similar to the global mean, but for extreme temperatures local higher warming trend for minimum temperature is significant. In terms of precipitation, most subregion in EA will see more increased precipitation under 1.5/2.0℃ warming compared to the global mean. These attribute for probability density function of analyzed variables to get wider with increasing mean values in 1.5/2.0℃ warming conditions. As the result of vulnerability of 0.5℃ additional warming from 1.5 to 2.0℃, 0.5℃ additional warming contributes to the increases in extreme events and especially the impact over South Korea is slightly larger than EA. Therefore, limiting global warming by 0.5℃ can help avoid the increases in extreme temperature and precipitation events in terms of intensity and frequency.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

PURPOSES : This study aimed to evaluate the performance of pavement management works and to develop a function for estimating the level of service (LOS) and cost of service (COS) for the systematic and quantitative management of pavement performance in the public sector. METHODS : The International Roughness Index (IRI) was used as the performance index for pavement management. Long-term pavement performance data for a period of 7 years (2007-2014) collected by the National Highway Pavement Management System and historical maintenance budget data published by the South Korean government were used to develop the LOS-COS function. Based on the function, a model for estimating the appropriate budget as well as the network conditions was suggested. RESULTS : There was high degree of correlation between pavement performance and the investment level (R = - 0.74). The developed LOS-COS function suggested that the unit cost to improve the network IRI to 1 m/km was 32.6 billion KRW. Further, the maintenance costs normalized with respect to the LOS levels were LOS-A = 88.2 billion KRW, LOS-B = 55.6 billion KRW, and LOS-C = 23.0 billion KRW. CONCLUSIONS : This study proposes a simple way of developing a LOS-COS function. It also shows how to develop a network budget demand and condition estimation model using the LOS-COS function. In addition, it is the first attempt to evaluate the road maintenance budget in South Korea. It is expected that these results will help in the negotiations between the road managers and budget makers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.2 s.101
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• pp.17-31
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• 2006

This study is tried to identify the changes in modern Hanbok for the past five decades through the literatures and actual materials such as the First Ladies' costume. In Hanbok fashion, there is a trend that influenced by politics, economy and culture just like in western fashion. After liberation from the Japanese colonialism, the most important factors in Hanbok fashion were economic factors caused by the development of textile industry and the dressing attitude of the First Ladies at that time. In 1950s, a modified Hanbok that is easy to wear was popular. It was partly because of the west oriented atmosphere after the Korean War and mainly due to the practical dressing attitude of First Lady, Francesca. In 1960s and 70s, former First Lady Yuk Young Soo who loved and had good taste for Hanbok led the fashion. At that time, high ranking female social leaders as well as general public usually wore Hanbok on formal occasions. Therefore, textile industry for Hanbok developed a lot and tailored shops that specialize Hanbok emerged. In 1980s, as the economy got better, Hanbok was upgraded and it became more luxurious. Traditional Hanbok was revived through a historical investigation. Additionally, the former First Lady Lee Soon Ja helped fostering a luxurious mood as she wore a Hanbok as a formal dress. After 1988 Olympic Games were successfully held, the importance of the traditional culture was emphasized in 1990s and Hanbok followed retro trend rigorously through the academic approaches including a dressing history. Hand painted and naturally dyed Hanboks were strong in this period. Former First Lady Kim Ok Sook's sophisticated Hanbok attire partially had effect on this mood. However, From the late 1990s Hanbok became less popular. It was partly because the former First Lady Son Myoung Sun and Lee Hee Ho preferred western style dresses and did not play a role as Hanbok fashion leaders.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.106-116
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• 2017

In the 1900s, the cultural crossing of East and West was realized through the acceptance and reproduction of culture. Cultural change in the Orient was the result of attempts to harmonize the West's images, which they chose in their respective countries, with their own culture. However, research on design history until now has been centered on the West, and East was regarded as a beneficiary of civilization inherited from Western's. From the point of view of Western design history as a main trend, the unique characteristics of Korean design culture are not revealed. Therefore, through this studies, we want to distinguish Korea's modern design, which has been recognized as a minority. For the study, through the wallpaper, which is one of the detailed components of the interior space in modern times, we try to analyze the socio - cultural historical factors and design characteristics influencing the formation of the interior space in modern times. Summarizing a result of research. The early modern wallpaper of England mainly uses plants as motifs. But In Korea, animal patterns and letter patterns were used. The reason why European wallpaper was mainly a plant at the time was that the structure of the motif was useful for the process of creation. However, in the case of the Korean wallpaper pattern, the theme was selected according to the meaning of the motif, and it was abstracted appropriately for the 2D design. As a result, many geometric shapes were formed. In addition, European wallpaper pattern is more complex and organic than Korean wallpaper pattern. Therefore, the boundary of the central pattern as the basic unit is unclear and the patterns are connected. The pattern development method is not a simple repetition but a combination of symmetry and repetition. In Korea, on the other hand, the boundaries of unit patterns are clear and patterns are developed by simple repetition. There are many diamond-type repeating patterns in particular.