• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2010

Unlike human, with some exceptions, animals do not heal with excessive scar. The lack of suitable animal model has hindered the development of effective scar therapy. We previously reported that partial thickness rabbit ear wound model resembles human wound heal process. This study was designed to prepare a hypertropic scar wound model which can be employed for testing anti-scar therapy. Four wounds were created down to the bare cartilage on the anterior side of each rabbit ear using 8-mm dermal biopsy punch and histology analysis at post operation day (POD) 5, 28 and 48 were performed. As the outcome of scar formation is largely determined by the early inflammatory response to the wounding and the degree and the duration of occlusion, cephalodin(50 mg/kg) was injected daily and medical occlusive dressings were applied. Five micro wound and scar sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for quantification of epidermal regeneration and scar hypertrophy. Sections were also stained using Masson's trichrome and Sirius red to evaluate collagen organization and rete ridge formation. Wound closure process was assessed to 7wks post wounding. Complete removal of the epidermis, dermis and perichondrial layer caused delayed epithelialization, which results in hypertropic scarring. The inability of the wounds to contract and the delay in epithelialization in rabbit ear was likely due to cartilage and it created scar elevation. The results suggest that full thickness surgical punch wound model in rabbit ear could be employed as a reliable and reproducible scar wound model for testing anti-scar therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.905-910
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• 2016

Breast cancer is one of the major threats to female health, and its incidence is rapidly increasing in many countries. Currently, breast cancer is treated with surgery, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both. However, a substantial proportion of breast cancer patients might have a risk for local relapse that leads to recurrence of their disease and/or metastatic breast cancer. Therefore searching for new and potential strategies for breast cancer treatment remains necessary. Immunotherapy is an attractive and promising approach that can exploit the ability of the immune system to identify and destroy tumors and thus prevent recurrence and metastatic lesions. The most promising and attractive approach of immunotherapeutic research in cancer is the blockade of immune checkpoints. In this review, we discuss the potential of certain inhibitors of immune checkpoints, such as antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), in breast cancer therapeutics. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may represent future standards of care for breast cancer as monotherapy or combined with standard therapies.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.205-210
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• 2001

Whereas apoptosis is a critical mode of cell deletion in normal organism development, apoptotic cells are also observed in tumor therapy. We therefore investigated the expression of apoptotic cells induced as a function of time and dose in murine A-20 lymphoma treated with cyclophosphamide in vivo, by H&E and TUNEL method. The percent of apoptotic cells were scored from tumor section using TUNEL method. The expression of apoptotic positive cell was determined over a 10-day period following treatment of the mice with 200 mg/kg. Apoptosis increased further with time, reaching a peak value between 12~24 hr (scored 6.7$\pm$1.0%~6.1$\pm$0.7%), and then slowly declined to background levels by 10 days after treatment. The dependence of induction of apoptosis on the dose of cyctophosphamide was determined by treatment with 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg at 12 hr after treatment. Apoptosis was dose dependent in that as the dose was increased the percentage of apoptosis increased. However, the increase in apoptosis at the lower dose used (50 mg/kg) was higher on a per unit dose basis than that at the higher dose used (200 mg/kg). This result show that the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide strongly induces apoptosis in murine lymphoma.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2005

This paper deals with the histology of the barbels of striped sea catfish, Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg). This fish have eight noticeable barbels of two pairs on their maxillary and mandibular. Each barbel is composed of an epidermis, dermis and a central rod of cartilage. The epidermis in the middle part of the maxillary barbel is thicker than those on other parts, and formed of stratified epithelium which contains many cutaneous taste buds and a few small club cells. Number of taste buds increase on the middle and posterior part of each barbel. The dermis consists of loose connective tissue fibers which encloses blood vessels and bundles of nerve fibers. The barbels of this fish can be categorized into stiff and flexible types and are accessory, feeding and sensory structures. Thus we substantiate that they are gustatory receptor organs for this fish.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

Although it has been known that TGF-${\beta}1$ acts as a crucial cofactor in osteoclast differentiation, its mode of action is still unclear. In the present study, we studied the effect of TGF-${\beta}1$ on the differentiation of osteoclast depending on the developmental stages. Murine bone marrow cells were induced to differentiate into mature osteoclasts in the presence of receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). In the early stage of the differentiation TRAP(-) mononuclear precursor cells were obtained from nonadherent M-CSF dependent bone marrow cells, which further differentiated into mature osteoclasts. TGF-${\beta}1$ stimulated osteoclast differentiation, which was stronger when cells were stimulated by TGF-${\beta}1$ in the early stage than the later differentiation. TGF-${\beta}1$ increased the expression of RANK and synergistically stimulated RANKL-induced activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ MAP kinase in TRAP(-) mononuclear precursor cells. These results suggest that activation of osteoclast differentiation by TGF-${\beta}1$ may be ascribed to the both increased expression and activation of RANK in the osteoclast differentiation, especially in the early stage of differentiation.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2021

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of maternal hypothyroidism and puberty onset in female rat pups. To do this, we employed propylthiouracil (PTU) to prepare a hypothyroid rat model. Pregnant rats were treated with PTU (0.025%) in drinking water from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 21 of offspring. Comparison of general indices such as body and tissue weights and puberty indices such as vaginal opening (VO) and tissue histology between control and PTU-treated rats were conducted. There was no significant difference in the date of VO between control and PTU group. The body weights of the PTU group were significantly lower, only 36.8% of the control group (p<0.001). Although the absolute thyroid weight was not changed by PTU treatment, the relative weight increased significantly about 2.8 times (p<0.001), indicating that hypothyroidism was successfully induced. On the other hand, the absolute weights of the ovary and uterus were markedly decreased by PTU administration (p<0.001), and the relative weight was not significantly changed. The ovarian histology of PTU group revealed the advanced state of differentiation (i.e., presence of corpora lutea). Inversely, the uterine histology of PTU group showed underdeveloped structures compared those in control group. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that our maternal hypothyroidism model resulted in minimal effect on pubertal development symbolized by VO despite of huge retardation in somatic growth. More sophisticatedly designed hypothyroidism model will be helpful to achieve a better understanding of pubertal development and related disorders.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.111-112
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• 1986

Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2023

Metformin is the most widely used anti-diabetic drug that helps maintain normal blood glucose levels primarily by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis in type II diabetic patients. We previously found that metformin induces apoptotic death in H4IIE rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Despite its anti-diabetic roles, the effect of metformin on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) remains unclear. We investigated the effect of metformin on hepatic DNL and apoptotic cell death in H4IIE cells. Metformin treatment stimulated glucose consumption, lactate production, intracellular fat accumulation, and the expressions of lipogenic proteins. It also stimulated apoptosis but reduced autophagic responses. These metformin-induced changes were clearly reversed by compound C, an inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Interestingly, metformin massively increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was completely blocked by compound C. Metformin also stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). Finally, inhibition of p38MAPK mimicked the effects of compound C, and suppressed the metformin-induced fat accumulation and apoptosis. Taken together, metformin stimulates dysregulated glucose metabolism, intracellular fat accumulation, and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that metformin induces excessive glucose-induced DNL, oxidative stress by ROS generation, activation of AMPK and p38MAPK, suppression of autophagy, and ultimately apoptosis.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.463-468
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• 2023

The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) is well known as mediating baroreflexes. However, studies of its detailed histological analysis are scant in the literature. Therefore, the current anatomical study sought to better elucidate the microanatomy of the CSN. Ten fresh frozen adult cadavers underwent dissection of the CSN. Then, it was harvested and submitted for histological and immunohistochemical staining. Specimens were all shown to be nerve fibers on histology and immunohistochemistry. We identified tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers in all CSN specimens. These fibers were always found to be within the CSN and not on its surface i.e., epineurium. Based on our findings, the majority of fibers contained in the CSN are tyrosine positive in nature. Further studies are necessary to understand the true function of this autonomic nerve fibers.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.316-319
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• 2024

Comprehensive understanding of the variations in the branching of the external carotid artery (ECA) is essential to minimizing vascular complications during cranio-facial and neck surgical procedures. We demonstrate a rare case of unusual branching of ECAs in both carotid triangles and anomalous origin of the left ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) during dissection of embalmed cadaver. The right and left common carotid arteries (CCA) bifurcated at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. The right superior thyroid artery (STA) originated anterior to the carotid bifurcation (CB), while the left STA originated from the anterior aspect of the left CCA. The right ECA trifurcated into linguofacial trunk, APA, and distal ECA, 15.7 mm from CB. On the left side, lingual artery and APA arose as a short common linguopharyngeal trunk, 1.9 mm from CB. The left facial and occipital arteries originated anteromedially and posteriorly at the same level.