• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.190-194
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• 1995

Diphallus is a rare congenital anomaly and is frequently associated with duplication of the urinary tract and rectosigmoid, and commonly associated with vertebral anomalies. Remzi reported less than 100 cases of duplication of all or a portion of the penis, but about 10 cases of complete diphallus with exstrophy of cloaca was reported, and a case of complete diphallus associated with hindgut duplication was reported, and complete diphallus with displacement of bladder associated hindgut duplication and imperforate anus was not reported in Korea. We experienced a case of the complete diphallus associated with displacement of bladder, hindgut duplication, and imperforate anus as a variant of cloacal exstrophy. A review of published cases suggests that this may be the first example of a complete diphallus with displacement of bladder coexisting with the hindgut duplication and imperforate anus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.340-342
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.390-391
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1508-1513
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• 2000

The aim of this trial was to study the response of laboratory animals including omnivores (rats) and herbivores (rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters) to the same level of dietary fiber on their digestive enzymes and hindgut fermentation. Ten weanling animals of each of four species, rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and Syrian hamster, were fed a basal diet of 18% crude protein and 10% crude fiber for six weeks. The digesta and tissue of each intestinal segment were collected to measure the activity of digestive enzymes. Rabbits contained the highest secreted pepsin activity in the stomach, whereas rats contained the highest protease and ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity in the small intestine, and lower fibrous hydrolases in the hindgut than rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters. The total VFA productions in the caecum and colon were highest in rats, followed by hamsters and rabbits, while the guinea pigs contained the lowest VFA and a different pattern of VFA molar ratio from the other laboratory animals. The degree of hindgut fermentation in these laboratory animals was in reverse to the trend for their fiber digestion.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 1999

The influence of eating habits and food type on the ultrastructural characteristics of the digestive tracts was studied under the scanning and transmission electron microscopes in two crustacean decapods (Hemigrapsus penicillatus De Haan; mud crab, Pinnotheres cyclinus Shen; symbiotic crab). The relative ratio of the length of midgut versus hindgut was 1:1 in the mud crab, but 4:1 in the symbiotic crab. Observation through the scanning electron microscope revealed that the midguts of both species have densely-arranged longitudinal mucosal folds with a smooth surface. In the hindgut of the mud crab, mucosal folds were longitudinally oriented, clusters of two to five spines were observed on the cuticular surface, and the length of the spine in the distal hindgut was longer than that in the proximal portion. In the symbiotic crab, the mucosal folds were irregulary arranged, and numerous rudimentary spinal structures were noted on the cuticular surface. Through observation of a transmission electron microscope, the epithelial cells of the midgut in both species had numerous microvilli, but the length of the microvilli was slightly longer in the mud crab than in the symbiotic crab. The central layer of the basement membrane and the muscular layer of the midgut were more developed in the mud crab than in the symbiotic crab. The thickness of the cuticular layer over the hindgut surface in the mud crab was about 4 times than that of the symbiotic crab.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.847-854
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded inclusions of wheat bran (0%, 9.65%, 48.25% wheat bran) and two growth stages (from 32.5 to 47.2 kg and 59.4 to 78.7 kg, respectively) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and hindgut fermentation of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Six light pigs (initial body weight [BW] $32.5{\pm}2.1kg$) and six heavy pigs (initial BW $59.4{\pm}3.2kg$) were surgically prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A difference method was used to calculate the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran by means of comparison with a basal diet consisting of corn-soybean meal (0% wheat bran). Two additional diets were formulated by replacing 9.65% and 48.25% wheat bran by the basal diet, respectively. Each group of pigs was allotted to a $6{\times}3$ Youden square design, and pigs were fed to three experimental diets during three 11-d periods. Hindgut fermentation values were calculated as the differences between ATTD and AID values. For the wheat bran diets, the AID and ATTD of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), carbohydrates (CHO), gross energy (GE), and digestible energy (DE) decreased with increasing inclusion levels of wheat bran (p<0.05). While only AID of CHO and ATTD of DM, ash, OM, CHO, GE, and DE content differed (p<0.05) when considering the BW effect. For the wheat bran ingredient, there was a wider variation effect (p<0.01) on the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran in 9.65% inclusion level due to the coefficient of variation (CV) of the nutrient and energy digestibility being higher at 9.65% compared to 48.25% inclusion level of wheat bran. Digestible energy content of wheat bran at 48.25% inclusion level (4.8 and 6.7 MJ/kg of DM, respectively) fermented by hindgut was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in 9.65% wheat bran inclusion level (2.56 and 2.12 MJ/kg of DM, respectively), which was also affected (p<0.05) by two growth stages. This increase in hindgut fermentation caused the difference in ileal DE (p<0.05) to disappear at total tract level. All in all, increasing wheat bran levels in diets negatively influences the digestibility of some nutrients in pigs, while it positively affects the DE fermentation in the hindgut.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 1998

A new rod-shaped endospore-forming bacterium isolated from the hindgut flora of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus kyushuenesis Morimoto is described. The isolate stained Gram positive, but the KOH test and the test for L-alanine aminopeptidase were negative. The length of a single cell varies from 2.5-9.0 $\mu $m, and the cell is about 0.5-0.7$\mu $m thick. The isolate had a high cellulolytic ability and was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2001

To understand the late gut development and differentiation, identification and characterization of target genes of homeotic genes involved in gut development are required. We have previously reported that homeodomain proteins can regulate expression of the cell proliferation-related genes. We investigated here the expression of the Drosophila proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and E2F(dE2F) genes in larval and adult guts using transgenic flies bearing lacz reporter genes. Both PCNA and dE2F genes were expressed strongly in whole regions of the larval and adult guts including the esophagus, proventriculus, midgut and hindgut, showing higher expression in foregut and hindgut imaginal rings of larva. Nitric Oxide(NO) has been known to be involved in cell proliferation and tumor growth and also to have an antiproliferative activity. Therefore, we also investigated effects of NO on the expression of PCNA and dE2F genes in gut through analyses of lacz reporter expression level in the SNP (NO donor)-treated larval guts. Expressions of both PCNA and dE2F were greatly declined by SNP. The inhibitory effect of NO was shown in whole regions of the gut, especially in hindgut, while the internal region of proventriculus, esophagus, foregut imaginal ring and hindgut imaginal ring was resistant. Our results suggest that this inhibitory effect may be related with the antiproliferative activity of NO.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2010

This study investigated on enzyme production in the digestive organs of the native termite (Reticulitermes speratus) in Milyang, Korea. Four types of major cellulases [EG (endo-1,4-${\beta}$-glucanase), BGL (${\beta}$-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase) and BXL (${\beta}$-1,4-xylosidase)] were present in the digestive organs of the termite. The strong enzyme activity for BGL was found from the native termite, and also shown that the enzyme was distributed in the salivary gland, foregut, and hindgut. BXL, which breaks down hemicellulose near the amorphous region, was detected mainly from salivary gland, foregut, and midgut. However, CBH was distributed mainly in the hindgut. Meanwhile, EG which degrades cellulose, was found mainly in the hindgut and salivary glands. These facts indicate that celluases production patterns are differ from different sites compare to the same species found in Japan, suggesting that enzyme production in the digestive organs of termites is changed according to their habitats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.721-728
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to determine the differences in the apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and indispensable amino acids (IAA) in high-fiber diets with wheat middlings, rice bran or alfalfa meal fed to Duroc${\times}$(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) (DLY) and Duroc${\times}$ (Berkshire${\times}$Jiaxing) (DBJ) growing barrows. Methods: Eighteen DLY and 18 DBJ growing barrows were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement involving 2 crossbreeds and 3 high-fiber diets. The experiment lasted 15 d with 10 d for diets adaptation, 3 d for feces collection and 2 d for digesta collection. Three diets were based on corn and soybean meal with 25% wheat middlings, rice bran and alfalfa meal respectively. Results: DBJ had a greater (p<0.05) AID of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine and valine and a lower (p<0.05) AID of methionine than DLY. The hindgut disappearance of acid detergent fiber for DBJ was greater (p<0.05) than DLY. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in wheat middlings diet were greater (p<0.05) than in rice bran and alfalfa meal diets. The hindgut disappearance of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in wheat middlings diet or rice bran diet were the highest or lowest (p<0.05), and those of alfalfa meal diet were the middle. Barrows fed rice bran diet had a greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of gross energy, dry matter and organic matter and lower hindgut disappearance of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than barrows fed alfalfa meal diet Conclusion: DBJ growing barrows showed a significant higher digestibility of fiber in the hindgut and most IAA in the small intestine compared with DLY barrows. The digestibilities of chemical constituents and IAA were affected by the diets formulated with different fiber sources.