• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 2009

In this study, eight soil samples were collected from organic and conventional farms in a central area of South Korea. Spore communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by AMF, were analyzed. Spores of Glomus clarum, G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, G. sp., Acaulospora longula, A. spinosa, Gigaspora margarita, and Paraglomus occultum were identified at the study sites, based on morphological and molecular characteristics. While Acaulospora longula was the most dominant species in soils at organic farms, Paraglomus occultum was the most dominant species in soils at conventional farms. Species diversity and species number in AMF communities found in soils from organic farms were significantly higher than in soils from conventional farms. Glomalin was also extracted from soil samples collected at organic and conventional farms and was analyzed using both Bradford and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The glomalin content in soils from organic farms was significantly higher than in soils from conventional farms. These results indicate that agricultural practices significantly affect AMF abundance and community structure.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1027-1036
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• 2020

Stipa purpurea is a unique and dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine steppe and meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). In this work, we analyzed the composition and diversity of the culturable endophytic fungi in S. purpurea according to morphological and molecular identification. Then, we investigated the bioactivities of these fungi against plant pathogenic fungi and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) deaminase activities. A total of 323 fungal isolates were first isolated from S. purpurea, and 33 fungal taxa were identified by internal transcribed spacer primers and grouped into Ascomycota. The diversity of endophytic fungi in S. purpurea was significantly higher in roots as compared to leaves. In addition, more than 40% of the endophytic fungi carried the gene encoding for the ACCD gene. The antibiosis assay demonstrated that 29, 35, 28, 37 and 34 isolates (43.9, 53.1, 42.4, 56.1, and 51.5%) were antagonistic to five plant pathogenic fungi, respectively. Our study provided the first assessment of the diversity of culture-depending endophytic fungi of S. purpurea, demonstrated the potential application of ACCD activity and antifungal activities with potential benefits to the host plant, and contributed to high biomass production and adaptation of S. purpurea to an adverse environment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1986

The correlations between environmental influences on microorganisms in soil and its effects on disease development in ginseng field were studied to obtain some useful data for increasing ginseng production and effective preventive measures against the root rot caused by soil-borne pathogens. The diseased replanted ginseng fields were selected as the diseased field and the healthy plot in first planted field selected as control in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kumsan, Goesan and Poonggi. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were analyzed and microorganisms susceptible for root rot of ginseng, such as Fusarium spp. and general fungi were investigated for their population density in various soil conditions. Correlations between soil microbial populations and environmental factors were investigated. The numbers of Fusarium spp. propagules were abundant in fall in both soil conditions. The numbers of Fusarium spp. were 1.9 to 2.6 times higher in replanted field than first planted field except Goesan area. Relative ratio of Fusarium spp. to total fungi propagules in replanted field was 1.6 times higher in replanted field than first planted field indicating higher numbers of Fusarium spp. distributed in replanted field of soil. The numbers of propagules of total fungi were increased in June and July and there was no sensitive variation according to the temperature. There was no significant difference in vertical distributions of total fungi according to soil depth, while the total fungi were abundant in the surface layer and $10{\sim}15\;cm$ layer. The contents of organic matter and phosphate in healthy field were somewhat high, and phosphate/organic matter ratio and Mg contents were high in diseased field. All of the soils showed a weak acidic pH of 4.5 to 5.7. Soil moisture contents were increased during winter season, but did not show any significant changes during the growing periods, showing 24.6% in healthy field and 19.5% in diseased field respectively. Soil temperature was the highest in July and August and the lowest in January and February.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.77-91
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• 1981

This study has been carried out for the publication of colored illustrations of Korean fungi. The fresh higher fungi were collected and photographed, for the most part, at Gwangneung, Kyonggi Province, Mt. Yongmun in Kyonggi Province, Mt. Sokri in Chungcheong Province, Mt. Jiyee in Kyeongsang Province, Mt. Mudeug in Jeonra Province, and Mt. Hanra in Jeuju Island from September 1, 1980 to August 31, 1981. These higher fungi were made colored slides and dried specimens, then classified. According to the investigated result, colored slides and classification for the common 151 species were completed among 620 spp. which were known all of the fungi in Korea. They were included 2 classes, 37 families, 89 genera, 149 species, 1 variety and 1 forma. Their world distributions were investigated. Fifteen species of them, that is, Aleuria aurantia (Fr.) Fuckel, Patella scutellata (St. Amans) Lambotte, Calocora viscosa Fr., Hygrocybe turunda (Fr.) Karst, Suillus pictus (Peck) Smith et Thiers, Marasmius purpureostriatus Hongo, Pleurocybella porrigens (Fr.) Sing., Lepiota bresadoiae Schulzer, Russula aurata Fr., Lactarius hygrophoroides Berk. et Br., Thelephora multipartita Fr., Inonotus mikadoi (Lloyd) Imaz, Antrodia mollis (Sommerf.) Karst, Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imaz. and Tyromyces lacteus (Fr.) Murr. were found to be new in Korea. In addition their common names and descriptons were prepared. According to study plan, this paper pressed only one page in colored plate among 151 species.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.364-372
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• 2020

To improve our understanding of the relationship between soil higher fungi (belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) and Abies koreana, we surveyed A. koreana soil fungal communities in a forest in Mt. Halla, Jeju Island, Korea by next-generation sequencing (Illumina Miseq). To confirm the soil higher fungal communities, we collected two types of soils from a defined plot: soils with dead (AKDTs) and living A. koreana (AKLTs), respectively. Soil fungi were classified into 2 phyla, 19 classes, 64 orders, 133 families, 195 genera, and 229 OTUs (895,705 sequence reads). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed significantly different soil higher fungal communities between AKDTs and AKLTs (p < .05). In addition, the saprophyte composition was significantly affected by A. koreana status (p < .05). The proportion of the mycorrhizal Clavulina spp. was different between soils with AKDTs and AKLTs, suggesting that Clavulina spp. may be a crucial soil fungal species influencing A. koreana. This study will lead to a better understanding of the ecological status of A. koreana in Mt. Halla. In addition, this study could be useful for the conservation and management of A. koreana habitats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1019-1030
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• 2003

The study was conducted to isolate and identify highly fibrolytic anaerobic fungi from the guts of a Hanwoo steer and a Korean native goat, and then investigate the characterization of cellulolytic activity of an anaerobic fungus. Twenty-one anaerobic fungal colonies were isolated in the study, in which 16 colonies were isolated from the rumen contents of the Hanwoo steer and 5 colonies from the duodenal fluids of the Korean native goat. Four anaerobic fungi were selected based on higher cellulolytic enzyme activities to identify under a optical microscope. NLRI-M003 and -T004 belong to Neocallimastix genus and NLRI-M014 belongs to Piromyces genus based on the morphology of their thallus, sporangia, rhizoid and the number of flagella. NLRI-M001 appeared to be an unknown strain of anaerobic fungi due to its different morphology from existing types of anaerobic fungi, though the morpholgoy is similar to Orpinomyces sp. Supplementation of 2% anaerobic fungal culture(NLRI-M003) in rumen-mixed microorganisms increased in vitro DM degradability of rice straw and filter paper up to 4 and 11%, respectively, compared with non-supplementation(control). CMCase and xylanase activities in in vitro culture were also higher in 2% fungal supplementation than controls in both rice straw and filter paper substrates.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-28
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• 1992

Some 420 species of higher fungi were collected from the Mt. Paekdu, Songwha river and their adjacent areas from 28th July to 12th of August, 1991 and identified to 2 subdivisions, 4 classes, 2 subclasses, 12 orders, 51 families, 141 genera and 336 species. The dominant species were Clitocybe gibba, C. clavipes, ystoderma amianthinum, Hygrocybe flavescens, H. miniata, Russula cyanoxantha, R. metica, Lactarius lignyotus, L. torminosus and Phellinus igniarius. The species found in Mt. Paekdu were newly described; Amanita muscaria var. regaris, Volvariella species var. speciosa, Cortinarius alboviolaceus, C. violaceus, Inocybe geolilacina, I. hirtella var. hirtella, Boletinus paluster, Crepidotus badiofloccosus, Lactarius circellatus var. circellatus, L. controversus and L. cilicioides.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 1992

Hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides extracted from liquid cultured mycelia were screened by measuring the glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity of the primary cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. Sixty among 75 isolates of higher fungi showed to be hepatoprotective effect, and these were 13 of Ganoderma lucidum, 5 of Lentinus edodes, 1 of Pleurotus ostereatus, 4 of Coriolus versicolor, 2 of Lyophyllum spp., 7 of Grifora frondosa, 3 of Agaricus spp., 14 of Schizophyllum commune and 11 of Cordyceps spp.. Especially, 10 isolates, Ganoderma lucidum IY003 and IY009, Lentinus edodes IY103, Lyophyllum sp. IY402, Agaricus sp. IY701 and IY703, Schizophyllum commune IY804, IY810 and IY818, Cordyceps sp. IY902, were indicated below 80% of glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

The studies have been conducted to control the soil borne fungal pathogens viz, Fusarium solani (Mart) Sacc. and Alternaria tenuissima the incitants of root rot and die-back diseases on mulberry stem cuttings planted in the mulberry nurseries and also in established mulberry gardens ten plant extracts with 10% concentration except Lantana camara (undiluted) were tested through poisoned food technique and four biofungicides were also screened by dual culture method under in vitro conditions. Plant extract of Prosopis juliflora showed the maximum inhibition on the mycelial growth (81.2% over A. tenuissima and 80.0% over F. solani) and followed by L. camara (66.7% over A. tenuissima and 68.9% over F. solani). Among the antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride showed maximum inhibition on the mycelial growth of both pathogenic fungi. The promising plant extracts (P. juliflora and L. camara) and antagonists (P. fluorescens and T. viride) were tested against both the pathogenic fungi under in vivo conditions along with the existing popular chemical Mancozeb. All the tested plant products and bio-fungicides showed inhibitory effect on both fungi. But the maximum survival percentage of mulberry cuttings was recorded in the treatment with T. viride (95% against F. solani and 90% against A. tenuisssima) followed by P. fluorescens (90% against both fungi) and T. harzianum (80% against F. solani and 85% against A. tenuisssima). Incase of the treatments with plant extracts and chemical fungicide the P. juliflora (60% against F. solani and 55% against A. tenuisssima) showed higher survival percentage and followed by L. camara (55% against F. solani and 50% against A. tenuisssima) and Mancozeb (55% against both fungi). In case of control only 10% of survival was recorded in F. solani inoculated cuttings and 15% survival in A. tenuissima inoculated cuttings.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2017

The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) has sustained damage on more than 200 host plants worldwide. Many farmers have relied on chemical acaricides to control mite, but the abuse of acaricides has caused serious resistance to mite. To overcome this problem, microbial control using entomopathogenic fungi have been studied. Entomopathogenic fungi have been an important role against the control of pest, and most of their culture products have been demonstrated to have virulence against pest population. In this study, we evaluated and compared the virulence of culture filtrates, aerial conidia and blastospores of selected Metarhizium anisopliae 4-2 and Beauveria bassiana 2R-3-3-1, respectively, among two-spotted spider mite-pathogenic fungi. As a result, the virulence was confirmed in all treatments, and the accumulated mortality rates were between 77 and 100% within 7 days. Especially, treatment with the fungal culture filtrate alone exhibited quite high virulence, and combined treatment with aerial conidia or blastospores enhanced activity. However, the median lethal time of treatments was not significantly different. When two isolates were compared, M. anisopliae 4-2 showed higher virulence than B. bassiana 2R-3-3-1. These results suggest that the selected two fungal isolates and their culture products could be used effectively for the control of two-spotted spider mite.