• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1703-1708
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristic quality of jeungpyun added Paecilomyces japonica with different fermentation time. The volume of jeungpyun added Paecilomyces japonica was more increased after fermentation. The volume was decreased when the fermentation was progressed. The pH was 5.1 before fermentation and the pH decreased when the fermentation was progressed. Moisture content was more increased as the time of fermentation became longer. Hunter color test, L value and b value appeared the highest after 1st fermentation, and it appeared lesser when the time of fermentation became longer. In measurement of texture, hardness showed the highest value when 90 minutes passed after the 2nd fermentation. Gumminess and brittleness were tend to increase when it have longer fermentation time. In scanning electron microscopic observation, organization of sponges was tend to break down as the fermentation time was longer. Sensory properties showed that color intensity was more strong when second fermentation was progressed, and hardness, toughness, sourness were high when the fermentation time was longer. In conclusion overall acceptability of jeungpyun, 3$0^{\circ}C$, 3 hours after 1st fermentation and 2nd fermentation for 30 minutes, 35$^{\circ}C$ showed the most preference.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2012

The purpose of this contribution is to develop the framework of a methodology for identifying potential errors in georeferencing and in an application of it using specimens of Ox-Knee, Achyranthes bidentata Blume in Korea. At infraspecific level, uncertainty of identification showed that 41% of A. bidentata var. japonica and 28% of var. bidentata were misidentified, suggesting that the uncertainty level was independent of the reliability of experts' identification. For georeference specimen records, 71 specimens out of total 303 were selected and utilized as occurrence data: Uncertainty was 32.4 km at maximum and was 0.1297 km at minimum (mean = 4,055 m, s.d. = 5,772 m). Var. japonica is common throughout most of the southeastern Korea and west coastal areas, while var. bidentata has been found as far north as Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces. We modelled the potential distribution of two varieties using Bioclim approach in Korea based on several environmental factors. Our results indicated the most important region for var. japonica lies the west coast ranges and southern area, while for Chungcheongnam-do of potential high diversity occurs for var. bidentata. This study shows that the major factors to determine the distribution patterns of two varieties were thermal factors, rather than precipitation. The Bioclim model using geocode and georeferencing data makes the information increasingly useful and reliable. To improve data quality, it requires full management from data collection to final databases including data cleaning.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.310-323
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• 1989

This study was carried out to find out the difference of ripening and growth characteristics among the different florets in same panicle. There were 2 different transplanting date (May 25 and June 10) and 6 varieties were used. Physiological ripening period, ripening speed, 1000 grain weight, germination speed and grain quality were studied among the different florets (1, 5 and 8 days after heading) in same panicle. Physiological ripening period was long in late transplanting, late flowering floret, and late varieties by 3-9 days in Japonica. Ripening speed and 1000 grain weight were high in early transplanting and early flowering florets. There was positive correlation among the ripening speed, 1000 grain weight and a average temperature but negative correlation between the ripening and physiological ripening period. Germination speed was excellent in early flowering floret after heading. There was difference in amylose content within varieties and different flowering grains and there was significant correlation between grain quality and meteorological factors in some varieties.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2015

Mechanical properties of woods are easily affected by the differences of site environment such as soil and climate changes. In this study, the relationship between mechanical properties and growth factors for Cryptomeria japonica stands in Jeollanam-do Province, Gyeongsangnam-do Province and Je-ju island was analyzed. From these plot data, bending strength, compressive strength, and shear strength were analyzed by Duncan's new multiple range test. The results of Duncan's new multiple range test analysis indicated that bending strength, compression strength, and shear strength were positively related to tree mean height, and stem number per ha, respectively, while they were inversely proportional to DBH (diameter at breast height), elevation, and soil drainage. As a result of this study, there are high correlations between mechanical properties of wood and stand characteristics of Cryptomeria japonica by the region, this findings are very useful to apply the silvicultural treatment system to produce high quality timber as a basic data on this species (distributed in southern region of Korea).

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.89-96
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• 2013

Green roofs can reduce surface water runoff, provide a habitat for wildlife moderate the urban heat island effect, improve building insulation and energy efficiency, improve the air quality, create aesthetic and amenity value, and preserve the roof's waterproofing. Green roofs are mainly divided into three types : intensive, simple-intensive, and extensive. Especially, extensive roof environment is a harsh one for plant growth; limited water availability, wide temperature fluctuations, high exposure to wind and solar radiation create highly stressed environment. This study, aimed at extensive green roof, was carried out on the rooftop of the library at Seoul Women's Univ. from October to November, 2012 and from March to August, 2013. To suggest the most effective vegetation model for biodiversity and heat island mitigation, surface temperatures were monitored by each vegetation model. We found that herbaceous plants of Aster sphathulifolius, Aceriphyllum rossii and Belamcanda chinensis, shrub of Syringa patula 'Miss Kim', Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica, Sedum species can mixing each other. Among them, the vegetation models including Sedum takesimense, Aster sphathulifolius, Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica was more effective on the surface temperature mitigation, because the species have the tolerance and high ratio of covering, and also in water. Especially, in the treatment of bark mulching, they helped to increase the temperature of vegetation models. In the case of summer, temperature mitigation of vegetation models were no significant difference among vegetation types. Compared to surface temperature of June, July and August were apparent impact of temperature mitigation, it shows that temperature mitigation are strongly influenced by substrate water content.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2018

Background: Atractylodes japonica Koidz. and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. belong to the family (Asteraceae). Their rhizomes, called white Atractylodes rhizomes, are used in traditional medicine. To address some issues with their cultivation, we recently developed eight hybrid cultivars by interspecific hybridization of A. japonica and A. macrocephala. This study was conducted to screen the hybrid cultivars that have high amounts of active ingredients and yield ability. Methods and Results: Experiments were conducted using the eight hybrid cultivars and A. macrocephala (control cultivar) in the experimental field of the department of Herbal Crop Research located in Eumseong, South Korea. We investigated the growth characteristics of the aerial and underground parts. Among the cultivars, 'Sanwon' had the highest rhizome dry weight (53.8 g/plant), followed by 'Dachul' (50.0 g/plant). In addition, the content of atractylenolide I, II, III and total active ingredients were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared with A. macrocephala, most of the inter-specific hybrid cultivars had a higher content of active ingredients and yield ability. Conclusions: Through study, we established the superior quality of Atractylodes inter-specific hybrid cultivars. In particularly, it was found that 'Dachul' may be grown as a superior cultivar, with high amount of active ingredients as well as yield ability.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-63
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• 1978

This study was conducted to obtain a basic information necessary to assess present rice milling technology in Korea The profiles for milling plants was analyzed by survey work.For the private custom-work mills, which process about 80 percent of domestic rice consumption ,their actual milling test for the identical samples as used for filed mills was conducted. Two rice varieties Japonica and Tongil-type were associated with the experiments. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Analyses for private custom-work mills showed their general aspects as; about 91 percent of the mills belonged to an individual owner ship ; more than 93 percent of the mills was established earlier than 1950 ; about 80 percent of the mills was powered with electric motor; mills having less than two employees were about 75 percent; about 45 percent of the mills provided for warehouse in storing customers cereal grains. 2. The polishers installed in 1,255mills within the surveyed area (7 counties) have been supplied by 44 different domestic manufacturers ;in but about 60 percent of which was supplied by 6major manufacturers. The polishers could be classified into two categories in terms of principles of their polishing actions ;jet-pearler and friction types. About 51 percent of the mills was equipped with the former which has been recognized as giving greater milling recovery than the friction types. 3. Reason for owners of private mills to supplement new machines was due mainly to pgrading their mills to meet the requirements that established by the Government. However, about 60 percent of the mill owners intended to replace with new pearler by their own needs to meet with new high yielding varieties. 4. Processing systems of each previate rice mills surveyed could be classified into three categories, depending upon whether the systems posessed such components as precleaner and paddy separator or not. Only 36.7 percent of mills was installed with both precleanr ad paddy seperrator, 5.0 percent of mills did have neither percleaner nor paddy seperator, and rest of them equipped only one of the two. Hence,it is needed for about 63% of rice miils to be supplemented with these basic facilities to meet with the requirements for the standaized system. 5. Actual milling capacity measured at each field rice mills was shown a wide variation, having range from about 190 to 1,210 kg/hr. The percentages of mills classified according to daily milling capacity based on this hourly capacity were 24.3% for the capacity less than 3 M/T a day; 20.0% for 3-4 M/T; 15.6% for 4-5 M/T; 6.7% for 5-6 M/T; 22.3% for 6-7 M/T; and 11.0% for more than 7 M/T a day. 6. Actual amount of rice processed was about 310 M/T a year in average. About 42% of total milled rice was processed during October to Decembear, which formed a peak demand period for rice mills. The amount of rice milled during January to May was relatively small, but it had still a large amount compared to that during June to September. 7. Utilization rate of milling facility, i. e., percentage of the actual amount of milled rice to the capacity of rice mills, was about 18% on the year round average, about 41% in the peak demand season, and about 10% during June to September. Average number of operating days for mills surveyed was about 250 days a year, and about 21 days a month. 8. Moisture contents of paddy at the time of field mill tests were ranged 14.5% to 19.5% for both Japonica and Tong-i] varieties, majority of paddy grains having moisture level much higher than 1530. To aviod potential reduction of milling recovery while milling and deterioration of milled rice while storage due to these high grain mJisture contents, it may be very important for farmers holding rice to dry by an artificial drying method. 9. Milling recovery of JapJnica varieties in rice mills was 75.0% in average and it was widely ranged from 69.0% to 78.0 % according to mills. Potential increase in milJing recovery of Japonica variety with improvement of mill facilities was estimated to about 1.9%. On the other hand, milling recovery of Tong-il varieties in the field mill tests was 69.8% in average and it ranged from 62% to 77 %, which is much wider than that of Japonica varieties. It is noticed that the average milling recovery of Tong-il variety of 69.8% was much less than that of the Japonica-type. It was estimated th3.t up to about 5.0% of milling recovery for Tong-il variety could be improved by improving the present lo'.ver graded milling technology. 10. Head rice recoveries, as a factor of representing the quality of commercial goods, of Japonica and Tong-il varieties were 65.9% and 53.8% in average, and they were widely ranged from 52% to 73% and from 44% to 65% , respectively. It was assessed that head rice recovery of Japonica varieties can be improved up 3.3% and that of Tong-il varieties by 7.0% by improving mill components and systems.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1994

To understand the relative contribution of varietal and environmental variation on various grain quality components in rice, grain appearance, milling recovery, several physicochemical properties of rice grain and texture or palatability of cooked rice for milled rice materials of seven cultivars(five japonica & two Tongil-type), produced at six locations of the middle and southern plain area of Korea in 1989, were evaluated and analyzed the obtained data. Highly significant varietal variations were detected in all grain quality components of the rice materials and marked locational variations with about 14-54% portion of total variation were recognized in grain appearance, milling recovery, alkali digestibility, protein content, K /Mg ratio, gelatinization temperature, breakdown and setback viscosities. Variations of variety x location interaction were especially large in overall palatability score of cooked rice and consistency or set- back viscosities of amylograph. Tongil-type cultivars showed poor marketing quality, lower milling recovery, slightly lower alkali digestibility and amylose content, a little higher protein content and K /Mg ratio, relatively higher peak, breakdown and consistency viscosities, significantly lower setback viscosity, and more undesirable palatability of cooked rice compared with japonica rices. The japonica rice varieties possessing good palatability of cooked rice were slightly low in protein content and a little high in K /Mg ratio and stickiness /hardness ratio of cooked rice. Rice 1000-kernel weight was significantly heavier in rice materials produced in Iri lowland compared with other locations. Milling recovery from rough to brown rice and ripening quality were lowest in Milyang late-planted rice while highest in Iri lowland and Gyehwa reclaimed-land rice. Amylose content of milled rice was about 1% lower in Gyehwa rice compared with other locations. Protein content of polished rice was about 1% lower in rice materials of middle plain area than those of southern plain regions. K/Mg ratio of milled rice was lowest in Iri rice while highest in Milyang rice. Alkali digestibility was highest in Milyang rice while lowest in Honam plain rice, but the temperature of gelatinization initiation of rice flour in amylograph was lowest in Suwon and Iri rices while highest in Milyang rice. Breakdown viscosity was lowest in Milyang rice and next lower in Ichon lowland rice while highest in Gyehwa and Iri rices, and setback viscosity was the contrary tendency. The stickiness/hardness ratio of cooked rice was slightly lower in southern-plain rices than in middle-plain ones, and the palatability of cooked rice was best in Namyang reclaimed-land rice and next better with the order of Suwon$\geq$Iri$\geq$Ichon$\geq$Gyehwa$\geq$Milyang rices. The rice materials can be classified genotypically into two ecotypes of japonica and Tongil-type rice groups, and environmentally into three regions of Milyang, middle and Honam lowland by the distribution on the plane of 1st and 2nd principal components contracted from eleven grain quality properties closely associated with palatability of cooked rice by principal component analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.531-537
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• 2012

The information about the physicochemical environments, the species distribution and community of the epilithic diatom cells in Pyengchang river and inflow streams of Gangwon-do were studied for assessment of biological water quality from June 2008 to October 2010. Total 112 diatom taxa were identified with 2 orders, 9 families, 26 genera, 95 species and 17 varieties. Among the total taxa identified, 13 taxa, 52 taxa and 15 taxa represented the family Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae and Bacillariaceae, respectively. The pH values of the water was found to be neutral to alkaline due to the limestone grounds of Pyengchang river and inflow streams. The 13 taxa including Epithemia adnata, belonged to alkaline-water diatoms, and three species - Cymbella japonica, Eunotia major and Fragilaria capitellata - are known to be acidic-water species. The species, Hannaea arcus, known as a cryophilic and mountain periphyton was identified at IF2, IF3 and IF4 in low water temperature environments at high altitudes, being a dominating species in P1 and IF1. Four saproxenous species - Achnanthes convergens, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, Cymbella turgidula and Hannaea arcus - were dominant at some sampling sites. For biological water quality assessment, IF2, IF3 and P3 showed low water quality class. The values of DAIpo and TDI were 10.6 ~ 98.0 and 13.8 ~ 94.2, respectively. Therefore, biological water quality in Pyengchang river and inflow streams was relatively desirable.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.785-794
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• 2013

To satisfy the consumer's interest with safety and high quality of staple foods, the physicochemical properties and cooking quality of organic rice using hairy vetch in Korea were compared. Two Korean varieties, Hopyeong and Ilmi, two Japanese varieties, Koshihikari and Hedomebore, and newly developed in Jeonnam, Mipum which cultivated in the same region and conditions were used. Physicochemical properties and cooking quality were investigated. All samples were japonica type short grains and their length/width ranged 1.74-1.84. The protein, ash, and crude lipid contents were significantly different with varieties and the protein content of Korean rice was lower than that of Japanese rice, especially, that of Hopyeong was the lowest. Amylose content and initial pasting temperature were lower in Hopyeong and Japanese rice, but peak viscosities showed reverse trends. Swelling power at $80^{\circ}C$ showed higher in Hopyeong and Koshihikari. Color values, L, a and b were significant difference with varieties and color differences of Hopyeong and Huitomebore were lower than those of others. Texture properties, hardness and adhesiveness of Hopyeong cooked rice showed the lowest values, but adhesiveness of Japanese cooked rice exhibited the highest value. On sensory evaluation of cooked rice, glossiness of Koshihikari, intactness of Koshihikari, Huitomebore, and Hopyeong, stickiness of Koshihikari and Hopyeong showed higher values (p<0.05). The overall quality score of organic cooked rices decreased as following order; Koshihikari> Hopyeong> Huitomebore> Mipum> Ilmi.