• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.365-370
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• 2021

Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is present at high rates of density in tidal flats in Cheonsu Bay on the west coast of Korea, where clams often exhibit mass mortalities in late summer. We monitored the pathologic condition of clams at Hwangdo tidal flat (HD) to understand the parasitic impacts on clam fitness. Manila clams were fully ripe in July and spawned during August and September, as the histology indicated. The histology revealed that clams in HD tidal flats were heavily infected by the protozoa parasite Perkinsus olseni, as the monthly prevalence ranged from 53% (September) to 93% (August). In addition, Manila clams were co-infected by the metazoan parasite Cercaria tapetis and Parvatrema duboisi with the prevalence of 0-33% and 0-14%, respectively. Massive hemocyte infiltration and subsequent inflammation were commonly observed from the gills of P. olseni infected clams. Clusters of P. olseni trophozoites and heavy hemocyte infiltration were also observed from the female gonad, suggesting that P. olseni interferes with host gonad maturation. The larval trematode occupied almost the entire host gonad, resulting in gonad castration. In addition, Metacercaria of P. duboisi were observed from the subsurface of the mantle. Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium assay (RFTM) indicated that clams collected in August and September contained approximately 4.0×106 P. olseni cells/g gills. Condition Index (CI) declined gradually from spring to early summer, and the decline in CI was interpreted as a consequence of the heavy parasitism, as the parasites drain the host's net energy to be used in somatic growth and gamete production.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

국산 칼슘 벤토나이트를 대상으로 온도가 팽윤압에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 벤토나이트를 건조밀도 1.6 g/$cm^3$으로 압축하고, 0.69 MPa의 일정한 수압으로 증류수를 공급하여 팽윤압을 측정하였다. 온도 영향 실험은 $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$, respectively. The Ca-bentonite showed a sufficiently high swelling pressure of 5.3 MPa에서 승온조건과 감온조건으로 수행하였다. 압축 벤토나이트가 물과 접촉하여 상온에서 5.3 MPa의 충분히 높은 팽윤압이 작용하는 것을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 팽윤압은 온도가 높을수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 승온조건과 감온조건에서의 온도에 따른 팽윤압 거동에 차이를 보이며, 승온조건에서 온도에 따른 변화가 심하게 나타났다. 향후 온도 조건 외에 벤토나이트의 압축밀도 변화, 지하수 조성에 따라 팽윤압 특성이 어떻게 변화하는지에 대해 평가한다면, 앞으로 국내 고준위 폐기물 처분장의 개념 설계에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2021

코인형 전지는 리튬 이차 전지 연구의 주요 평가 플랫폼으로써 새로운 소재 및 개념을 발굴하고 차세대 전지의 기초 연구에도 큰 기여를 하고 있다. 리튬 금속 전지는 500 Wh kg^-1 이상의 에너지 밀도를 구현할 수 있어 유망한 차세대 리튬 이차 전지 후보군으로 고려되고 있으나, 덴드라이트 형태의 리튬 전착과 함께 극심한 부피 변화 및 표면적 증가라는 성능 열화에 매우 취약하다. 특히, 리튬 금속 전지의 수명은 전해질 양, 리튬 두께, 내부 압력 등과 같은 전지 설계 및 구조에 매우 의존하기 때문에 코인셀 수준에서의 성능 평가 및 신뢰성에 치명적이다. 따라서, 기존 코인셀 구조를 개선한 리튬 금속 음극 특화 전지 설계 및 규격화가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 상용수준에서의 주요 전지 설계 인자인 극소량의 전해질과 높은 양극 로딩 레벨, 박막 리튬 사용 등의 환경에서 성능 및 재현성을 확보한 코인셀 구조를 제안한다. 양극과 음극의 면적비를 1에 근접하게 제어하여 비활성 공간을 최소화하고 용량 저하현상을 완화시켰다. 또한, 코인셀 내 압력을 정량화하여 압력의 균일성이 중요한 인자임을 규명하고 유연성 고분자 (PDMS) 필름 도입과 내부 부품의 변화를 통해 기존보다 높고 (0.6 MPa → 2.13 MPa) 균일한 압력(표준편차: 0.43 → 0.16)이 가하도록 개조하였다. 이를 통해 최적의 설계를 정립을 통해 기존보다 향상된 재현성을 확인하였다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2007

저에너지 초고속 표면 처기 이온원, 4개의 마그네트론 스퍼터 캐소드가 부착된 300 mm 폭 다목적 연성 기판 제작을 위한 부피 800 L 용량의 진공 웹코터 원형 (prototype) 장비를 설계 제작하였고, 무접착제 2층 연성 동박 적층 필림을 제작하여 성능을 평가하였다. 2 개의 터보 펌프 및 폴리콜드를 장착한 비코팅 부분인 상실부와 각각 1개씩의 터보 펌프를 사용한 표면 처리 및 코팅 부분인 하실부의 진공 배기 특성을 측정하였다. 패러데이 컵을 사용하여 대면적 이온원의 이온 전류 밀도 및 균일도를 측정하고, 스퍼터 캐소드의 자기장 분포 및 타겟 사용 효율을 조사하였다. 진공 웹코터의 성능 및 각 구성 요소의 특성 조사를 위하여 연성 기판으로는 폴리이미드 (Kapton-E) $38{\mu}m$을 사용하여 여러 가지 가스 이온에 대한표면 처리 조건에 따른 증류수의 접촉각 변화와 화학 성분의 변화를 x-선 분광학을 사용하여 조사하였다. 고밀도 2층 연성 동박 적층 필림 기판을 스퍼터-전기 도금법으로 제작하기 위하여 스퍼터 타겟으로는 Ni-Cr 및 Cu 금속을 사용하여, 각각의 증착율을 직류 전력의 변화 및 롤의 속도에 따라 조사하였고, 전기 도금으로 $9{mu}m$ 까지 동박 적층 필림을 제작한 후 접착력 및 내열성, 내화학성을 측정하여 소형 진공 웹 코터의 특성을 조사하였다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.963-968
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• 2009

Liquid crystal (LC; E7 and/or ML-0249)-embedded, poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-co-HFP)-based, polymer electrolytes were prepared for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The electrolytes contained 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (PMII), tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI), and iodine ($I_2$), which participate in the $I_3^-/I^-$ redox couple. The incorporation of photochemically stable PVdF-co-HFP in the DSSCs created a stable polymer electrolyte that resisted leakage and volatilization. DSSCs, with liquid crystal(LC)-embedded PVdF-co-HFP-based polymer electrolytes between the amphiphilic ruthenium dye N719 absorbed to the nanocrystalline $TiO_2$ photoanode and the Pt counter electrode, were fabricated. These DSSCs displayed enhanced redox couple reduction and reduced charge recombination in comparison to that fabricated from the conventional PVdF-co-HFP-based polymer electrolyte. The behavior of the polymer electrolyte was improved by the addition of optimized amounts of plasticizers, such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). The significantly increased short-circuit current density ($J_{sc}$, $14.60\;mA/cm^2$) and open-circuit voltage ($V_{oc}$, 0.68 V) of these DSSCs led to a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.42% and a fill factor of 0.65 under a standard light intensity of $100\;mW/cm^2$ irradiation of AM 1.5 sunlight. A DSSC fabricated by using E7-embedded PVdF-co-HFP-based polymer electrolyte exhibited a maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 50%.

• World Technopolis Review
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2019

Cities will soon host two third of the population worldwide, and already today 80% of the world energy is used in the 20 largest cities. Urban areas create 80% of the greenhouse gas emission, so we should take care that urban areas are smart and sustainable as implementations have especially here the greatest impact. Smart Cities (SC) or Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) are the actual concepts that describe methodologies how cities can handle the high density of citizens, efficiency of energy use, better quality of life indicators, high attractiveness for foreign investments, high attractiveness for people from abroad and many other critical improvements in a shifting environment. But if we talk about Entrepreneurship Ecosystem and Innovation, we do not see a lot of literature covering this topic within those SC/SSC concepts. It seems that 'Smart' implies that all is embedded, or isn't it properly covered as brick stone of SC/SSC concepts, as they are handled in another 'responsibility silo', meaning that the policy implementation of a Science and Technology Park (STP) is handled in another governing body than SC/SSC developments. If this is true, we will obviously miss a lot of synergy effects and economies of scale effects. Effects that we could have in case we stop the siloed approaches of STPs by following a more holistic concept of a Smart Sustainable City, covering also a continuous flow of innovation into the city, without necessarily always depend on large corporate SSC solutions. We try to argue that every SSC should integrate SP/STP concepts or better their features and services into their methodology. The very limited interconnectivity between these concepts within the governance models limits opportunities and performance in both systems. Redesigning the architecture of the governance models and accepting that we have to design a system-of-systems would support the possible technology flow for smart city technologies, it could support testbed functionalities and the public-private partnership approach with embedded business models. The challenge is of course in complex governance and integration, as we often face siloed approaches. But real SSC are smart as they are connecting all those unconnected siloes of stakeholders and technologies that are not yet interoperable. We should not necessarily follow anymore old greenfield approaches neither in SSCs nor in SP and STP concepts from the '80s that don't fit anymore, being replaced by holistic sustainability concepts that we have to implement in any new or revised SSC concepts. There are new demands for each SP/STP being in or close to an SC/SCC as they have a continuous demand for feeding the technology base and the application layer and should also act as testbeds. In our understanding, a big part of STP inputs and outputs are still needed, but in a revised and extended format. We know that most of the SC/STP studies claim the impact is still far from understood and often debated, therefore we must transform the concepts where SC/STPs are not own 'cities', but where they act as technology source and testbed for industry and new SSC business models, being part of the SC/STP concept and governance from the beginning.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1044-1052
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• 2015

The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the effect of large herd size (and land areas) on walking distances and milking interval (MI), and their impact on milk yield and economic penalties when 50% of the total diets were provided from home grown feed either as pasture or grazeable complementary forage rotation (CFR) in an automatic milking system (AMS). Twelve scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as 'moderate'; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as 'high') and 2 rates of incorporation of grazeable complementary forage system (CFS: 0, 30%; CFS = 65% farm is CFR and 35% of farm is pasture) were investigated. Walking distances, energy loss due to walking, MI, reduction in milk yield and income loss were calculated for each treatment based on information available in the literature. With moderate pasture utilisation and 0% CFR, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in an increase in total walking distances between the parlour and the paddock from 3.5 to 6.3 km. Consequently, MI increased from 15.2 to 16.4 h with increased herd size from 400 to 800 cows. High pasture utilisation (allowing for an increased stocking density) reduced the total walking distances up to 1 km, thus reduced the MI by up to 0.5 h compared to the moderate pasture, 800 cow herd combination. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm reduced the total walking distances by up to 1.7 km and MI by up to 0.8 h compared to the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd combination. For moderate pasture utilisation, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in more dramatic milk yield penalty as yield increasing from c.f. 2.6 and 5.1 kg/cow/d respectively, which incurred a loss of up to $AU 1.9/cow/d. Milk yield losses of 0.61 kg and 0.25 kg for every km increase in total walking distance (voluntary return trip from parlour to paddock) and every one hour increase in MI, respectively. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm increased milk yield by up to 1.5 kg/cow/d, thereby reducing loss by up to $0.5/cow/d (c.f. the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd scenario). Thus, it was concluded that the successful integration of grazeable CFS with pasture has the potential to improve financial performance compared to the pasture only, large herd, AMS.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.1972-1981
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• 2022

A typical ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel sheet was subjected to pulsed laser surface remelting (LSR) and corrosion test in lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 550 ℃. There present two modification zones with distinct microstructures in the LSRed specimen: (1) remelted zone (RZ) consisting of both bulk δ-ferrite grains and martensitic plates and (2) heat-affected zone (HAZ) below the RZ, mainly composed of martensitic plates and high-density precipitates. Martensitic transformation occurs in both the RZ and the HAZ with the Kurdjumov-Sachs and Nishiyama-Wassermann orientation relationships followed concurrently, resulting in scattered orientations and specific misorientation characteristics. Hardnesses of the RZ and the HAZ are 364 ± 7 HV and 451 ± 15 HV, respectively, considerably higher than that of the matrix (267 ± 3 HV). In oxygen-saturated and oxygen-depleted LBE, thicknesses of oxide layers developed on both the as-received and the LSRed specimens increase with prolonging corrosion time (oxide layers always thinner under the oxygen-depleted condition). The corrosion resistance of the LSRed F/M steel in oxygen-saturated LBE is improved, which can be attributed to the grain-refinement accelerated formation of dense Fe-Cr spinel. In oxygen-depleted LBE, the growth of oxide layers is very low with both types of specimens showing similar corrosion resistance.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2021

이온화된 기체인 플라즈마의 의료분야에서 적용은 현재 주로 살균분야에 국한되어 적용되고 있지만 바이오플라즈마기술의 등장으로 그 응용범위가 확대되고 있는 실정이다. 또한, 인체에 직접 조사하거나 비열처리하는 경우에는 정교한 시술을 위해 핸드헬드가 가능한 고밀도 소형화가 요구된다. 변압기로 인한 전자기파 영향이 없고 소형으로 구현이 가능한 형태의 로젠형 압전변압기는 압전효과를 이용한 전기-기계 커플링을 통해 전압변환을 달성하며 상대적으로 에너지밀도를 높일 수 있는 장점으로 휴대용 플라즈마 발생장치에 이용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 로젠형 압전변압기의 등가회로를 이용한 모델링을 수행하고, 의료용으로 적용가능한 형태의 플라즈마 발생장치를 설계 및 제작하였다. 이를 위해 플라즈마 발생 모듈은 12V 입력전원으로 5.8kV의 출력전압을 발생시키도록 하프브리지 커버터 토폴로지 전력변환장치를 적용하여 고전압 동작하도록 설계하였다. 설계를 통해 제작된 프로토타입을 통해 의료용합형 플라즈마 기기로의 활용가능성에 대해 확인하였고, 이러한 연구결과를 통해 플라즈마 제트 또는 직접조사용 등의 다양한 의료기기로서의 역할을 확보할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2022

The application of polymer composite electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery (ASSLSBs) can guarantee high energy density and improve the interface contact between electrolyte and electrode, which has a broader application prospect. However, the inherent insulation of the sulfur-cathode leads to a low electron/ion transfer rate. Carbon materials with high electronic conductivity and electrolyte materials with high ionic conductivity are usually selected to improve the electron/ion conduction of the composite cathode. In this work, PEO-LiTFSI-LLZO composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) with high ionic conductivity was prepared. The ionic conductivity was 1.16×10^-4 and 7.26×10^-4 S cm^-1 at 20 and 60℃, respectively. Meanwhile, the composite sulfur cathode was prepared with Sulfur, reduced graphene oxide and composite polymer electrolyte slurry (S-rGO-CPEs). In addition to improving the ion conductivity in the cathode, CPEs also replaces the role of binder. The influence of different contents of CPEs in the cathode material on the performance of the constructed battery was investigated. The results show that the electrochemical performance of the all-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery is the best when the content of the composite electrolyte in the cathode is 40%. Under the condition of 0.2C and 45℃, the charging and discharging capacity of the first cycle is 923 mAh g^-1, and the retention capacity is 653 mAh g^-1 after 50 cycles.