• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2008

목적: T1-201 심근 SPECT에서 심장 대 폐 섭취비의 증가(LHR)는 심근관류스캔의 고위험소견으로 알려져 있으나, 약물부하 Tc-99m tetrofosmin 게이트 심근 SPECT에서 측정되는 LHR도 같은 역할을 하는지에 대하여는 의문이 있다. 이에 저자는 약물부하 Tc-99m tetrofosmin 게이트 심근 SPECT에서 측정된 LHR과 관상동맥조영술 및 게이트 심근관류 SPECT소견을 비교하여 이의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 관상동맥질환이 의심되어 아데노신 부하 Tc-99m tetrofosmin 게이트 심근 SPECT를 시행한 환자 중 관상동맥조영술을 한 달 이내에 시행한 환자 157명을 대상으로 하였다. 게이트 SPECT는 먼저 휴식기 영상을 얻고, 3-4시간 후 아데노신 부하 영상을 얻었다. 총 157명의 대상환자에서 측정된 LHR과 관상동맥조영슬과 게이트 심근 관류 SPECT 결과를 비교하였다. 결과: 정상 대조군 50명에서 얻은 LHR은 $0.33{\pm}0.04$이었으며, 성별의 차이는 없었다. LHR이 0.41(평균+2표준편차)을 초과한 경우 LHR이 증가된 것으로 간주하였다. 정상관상동맥을 보인 53명 중 2명 (3.8%), 단일혈관질환 44명에서는 0명, 두혈관질환 27명 중 2명(7.4%), 세혈관질환 33명 중 8명(24.2%)에서 증가된 LHR을 보였다. LHR은 부하기 및 휴식기의 좌심실구혈률과 약한 음의 상관관계를 보였으며(r=-0.25, -0.25), 부하기 및 휴식기 관류결손의 총합과는 약한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.37, 0.36). 결론: 약물부하 후 1시간에 촬영한 Tc-99m tetrofosmin의 LHR은 세혈관질환을 가진 군과 심한 좌심실 기능부전을 가진 군, 그리고 부하기 및 휴식기 영상에서 심한 관류결손을 가진 군에서 높아서, 기존의 T1-201을 이용한 연구와 비슷하였으나, 연관성은 낮았다.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2019

2-Nitroimidazole derivatives have been reported to accumulate in hypoxic tissue. We prepared a novel $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole and evaluated the feasibility for hypoxia imaging agent. $Bz-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was synthesized by direct coupling of $Bz-MAG_3$ and 2-nitroimidazole using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. $Bz-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ in the presence of tartaric acid and $SnCl_2-2H_2O$ at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. And the reaction mixture was purified by $C_{18}$ Sep-pak cartridge. The labeling efficiency and the radiochemical purity were checked by ITLC-SG/acetonitrile. The tumor was grown in balb/c mice for 8~13 days after the subcutaneous injection of tumor cells, CT-26 (murine colon adenocarcinoma cell). Biodistribution study and tumor autoradiography were performed in the xenografted mice after i.v injection of 74 kBq/0.1 mL and 19 MBq/0.1 mL of $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole, respectively. In vivo images of $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole in tumor bearing mice were obtained 1.5 hr post injection. The labeling efficiency was $45{\pm}20%$ and the radiochemical purity after purification was over 95%. Paper electrophoresis confirmed negative charge of $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole. $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was very stable at room temperature and its protein binding was 53%. The $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole exhibited high uptake in the liver, stomach and intestine. In biodistribution study using tumor bearing mice, the uptakes (% ID/g) of the tumor were $0.5{\pm}0.1$, $0.4{\pm}0.0$, $0.2{\pm}0.1$ and $0.1{\pm}0.1$ at 5, 15, 30 min and 4 hrs. Tumor/muscle ratio were $1.4{\pm}0.1$, $2.2{\pm}0.83$, $3.0{\pm}0.9$, and 3.7 (n=2) for 5, 15, 30 min and 4 hrs. The uptake in hypoxic area was found higher than in non-hypoxic area of tumor tissue by autoradiography. In vivo images showed the relatively faint uptake to the hypoxic tumor region. $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was successfully synthesized and found feasible for imaging hypoxia.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2013

This study was to investigate serum triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), and cholesterol concentrations after feeding the combined diets of prepared traditional Cheonggukjang (TC) or Cheonggukjang made from sword bean powder (CS), the feed, and high-fat cholesterols at certain ratio for 8 weeks in rats, and then confirmed the effects of the diets based on the changes in the tissues of livers, kidneys, and spleens. The serum TG concentrations were lower in CS group compared to that of in TC group. The increase of PL concentrations was greater in CS group than that of TC group. FChCS6 group (92% feed+2% cholesterol+6% CS) showed the lowest total-cholesterol (T-C), $60.1{\pm}8.5mg/dL$, indicating that CS was effective to lower the T-C. Both TG/PL and T-C/PL ratio tended to be decreased. As CS intake was effective in the reduction of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level as well as the increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, it would be effective in the prevention of adult diseases and circulatory diseases. It was confirmed that there were no changes in organ appearance and tissues in the rats with CS intake. Therefore, CS intake showed superior functionalities than that of TC intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.272-277
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects of Schisandra chinensis Baillon extract (SCE) against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative hepatic damage in rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated with SCE (300, 600, and 1,200 mg/kg BW) or saline once daily for 14 consecutive days. On day 14, each animal, except those belonging to the normal control group, were injected with t-BHP (0.8 mmol/kg BW/i.p.), and all of the rats were sacrificed 16 h after t-BHP injection. RESULTS: Although no significant differences in AST and ALT levels were observed among the TC and SCE groups, the high-dose SCE group showed a decreasing tendency compared to the TC group. However, erythrocyte SOD activity showed a significant increase in the low-dose SCE group compared with the TC group. On the other hand, no significant differences in hepatic total glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were observed among the TC and SCE groups. Hepatic histopathological evaluation revealed that pretreatment with SCE resulted in reduced t-BHP-induced incidence of lesions, such as neutrophil infiltration, swelling of liver cells, and necrosis. In particular, treatment with a high dose of SCE resulted in induction of phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme expression, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we conclude that SCE exerts protective effects against t-BHP induced oxidative hepatic damage through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration, swelling of liver cells, and necrosis. In addition, SCE regulates the gene expression of phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes independent of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2007

진단용 방사선발생장치에서의 X선 에너지와 $^{99m}Tc$-MDP, $^{18}F$-FDG의 감마선 에너지 대한 apron 0.25, 0.5 mmPb에 대한 차폐율을 측정하였다. X선 에너지는 관전압 $40{\sim}120\;kVp$ 범위 내에서 부가여과판 0, 2 mmAl을 사용 한 경우에 실효에너지가 $26.2{\sim}45.6\;keV$로 측정되었으며, 이때 apron 0.5 mmPb은 0.25 mmPb보다 최대 선질에서 5.5% 정도 차폐율이 증가하였다. 또한 두 종류의 apron은 직접선과 공간선량률에 대하여 90% 이상의 높은 차폐율을 나타내었다. 그리고 $^{99m}Tc$-MDP의 140 keV에서 0.25, 0.5 mmPb apron을 사용할 경우 $30{\sim}53%$ 정도의 차폐효과가 있었으며, $^{18}F$-FDG의 511 keV의 높은 에너지에서는 $1.3{\sim}3.6%$로 apron의 차폐효과가 매우 적었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2022

Objective : The present study comparatively analyzed the anti-obesity effect of Arctium lappa L. roots with and without microwave processing. Methods : Four HFD groups except for the Normal group (n=8) were allocated: Control, microwave-processed dried Arctium lappa L. roots (MAL) extract 400 mg/kg/d (MAL400), MAL extract 800 mg/kg/d (MAL800), and the dried Arctium lappa L. roots (DAL) extract 800 mg/kg/d (DAL800). The efficacy of MAL and DAL was confirmed in terms of the serum biochemical index, protein expressions related to the synthesis of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) and 𝛽-oxidation, and histopathological staining. Results : Both MAL and DAL treatments significantly reduced final body weight and body weight gain. MAL800 treatment significantly reduced serum TG, TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and leptin levels, but the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin concentrations were dramatically increased. In particular, leptin in the MAL800 group was reduced by 14.1% compared with the DAL800 group. Moreover, the MAL800 treatment showed an effect superior to the DAL800 treatment in the reduction of serum TC, the sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) activation, and the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) gene expression. In particular, unlike the DAL800 treatment, MAL treatment significantly led to the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR𝛼). Subsequently, PPAR𝛼 meaningfully regulated downstream proteins associated with 𝛽-oxidation. Conclusion : These findings suggest that Arctium lappa L. roots with microwave processing effectively ameliorate obesity through the regulation of leptin and TC and the promotion of 𝛽-oxidation compared with Arctium lappa L. roots without microwave processing.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.75-91
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• 2020

[^99mTc]Tc-Hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) is currently used as a regional cerebral blood flow imaging agent for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The HMPAO ligand exists in two isomeric forms: d,l and meso showing different properties in vivo. Later studies indicated that brain uptake patterns of ^99mTc-complexes formed from separated enantiomers differed. Separation of enantiomers is difficult by fractional crystallizations method. Usually, the substance is obtained in low chemical yield in a time-consuming procedure. Furthermore, the final product still contains some impurity. So we have developed new efficient route for synthesis of R,R- and S,S-HMPAO enantiomeric compounds in 6-steps. Nucleophilic substitution (S_N2) reactions of 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine either with S- (1a) or R-methyl2-chloropropanoate (1b) were performed to produce compounds R,R- (2a) or S,S-isomer (2b) derivatives protected with benzylchloroformate (Cbz), respectively. And then Weinreb amide and methylation reaction using Grignard reagent, oxime formation with ketone group and deprotectiion of Cbz group by hydrogenolysis gave S,S- (7a) or R,R-HMPAO (7b), respectively. Entaniomeric compounds were synthesied with high yield and purity without any undesired product. The 7a or 7b kits containing 10 ㎍ SnCl₂-2H₂O were labeled with ^99mTc with high radiolabeling yield (90%).

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2004

목적: 약물이나 유전자 전달에 이용되는 생체적합성이 높은 키토산의 간세포 지향성을 위해서 갈락토스를 수식하는 방법이 널리 이용되어지고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 갈락토스 수식 키토산의 간세포지향성 획득을 평가하는데 있어서 핵의학 영상법의 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 키토산에 NHS와 EDC를 이용하여 30 mol%의 lactobionic acid를 결합시켜 갈락토스 수식 키토산을 제조하였다. 얻어진 갈락토스 수식 키토산을 투석 시킨 후 동결 건조하여 얻어 낸 다음 키토산의 기본구조인 glucoseamine에 methyl기를 첨가시키는 반응을 하여 최종화합물을 합성하였다. GMC의 세포내 독성은 MTT assay를 통하여 확인하였다. 제조된 GMC에 $SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$를 이용하여 $^{99m}Tc$을 표지하였다. 표지 후 안정성은 아세톤과 생리식염수를 이용하여 1시간까지 확인하였다. $^{99m}Tc$-GMC와 $^{99m}Tc$-MC 55.5 MBq (1.5 mCi)를 토끼의 외이정맥으로 주사 후, 감마카메라를 이용하여 10분, 30분, 60분, 90분 간격으로 전면 영상을 얻었다. 결과: 키토산에 lactobionic acid 30 mol%를 반응시켜 7.4 mol%의 galactose group이 키토산에 결합한 것을 확인하였다. 갈락토스 수식 키토산을 메틸화한 결과는 tri, di, mono가 각각 8.8%, 46%, 35.2%인 것을 확인하였다. MTT assay결과를 통해 GMC의 세포에 미치는 독성은 거의 없는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 표지 효율은 메틸화시키지 않은 $^{99m}Tc$-GC가 아세톤과 생리식염수에서 각각 88%, 72%를 보인 반면에 $^{99m}Tc$-GMC는 96%정도를 보여 보다 높은 표지효율을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. $^{99m}Tc$-MC를 주사후 얻은 토끼 영상에서 키토산은 일반적으로 대부분 신장을 통해 배출되며, 간과 비장, 골격계에는 매우 적은 분포를 보이는데 비해. 갈락토스가 수식된 $^{99m}Tc$-GMC에서는 분포에 변화가 생겨 간, 신장, 그리고 방광에서 높은 방사능이 관찰되는 소견을 보였다. 결론: 핵의학 영상법은 갈락토스 리간드 수식 키토산의 간세포 지향성 여부를 평가하기 위한 생체내 평가법으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2005

To examine the combined effects of a high-protein diet and aerobic exercise on body weight and composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight women, 30 young women were recruited and placed into three groups: The high-protein diet and exercise group (HPE), the exercise-only group (EXO) and the control group (CON) (30$\pm$3%, 27$\pm$2%, and 29$\pm$3% body fat, respectively) for an 8-week experimental period. Daily diet included 25% isolated soybean protein (>90% protein, approximately 400 kcal) combined with each subject s usual diet for the HPE group. The exercise program consisted of aerobic-type exercises undertaken >3 times/wk and for>30 min/session at 50-60% of maximal capacity. Physical fitness, body composition, serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and glucose were measured before and after the experiment. Maximal aerobic capacity increased by the end of experiment in both the HPE (from 27.2$\pm$3.5 to 35.l$\pm$5.9 ml/kg/min, p<0.01) and EXO (from 30.3$\pm$5.4 to 33.8$\pm$3.8 mㅣ/kg/min, p<0.05) groups. Percent body fat decreased by 3.3% (p<0.01) in the HPE group and by 1.5% (p<0.05) in the EXO group by the end of the experiment, but not in the CON group. Lower back strength and agility increased only in the HPE group. In the HPE group, TC decreased from 168$\pm$20 to 155$\pm$18 mg/dL and HDL-C increased from 57$\pm$l0 to 61$\pm$9 mg/dL in HPE (p<0.01). But TC and HDL-C did not change in the EXO and CON groups. TG and glucose did not vary among the groups. Although the EXO group showed a similar outcome to that of the HPE group, a favorable change in body composition and blood lipids as well as an improvement in aerobic capacity was more marginal in the latter group.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2010

This study evaluated the effects of high pressured red ginseng(HRG) and ginseng berry(GB) supplementation on lipid profiles and run to exercise time in SD rats. Five weeks-old male rats were randomly assigned into six groups, ie. control group(AC: n = 8), exercise group(AE: n = 7), general extracted red ginseng group(C: n = 8), HRG group(high density D: n = 8, low density E: n = 7), and HRG + GB group(F: n = 7). The AC and AE groups had a supplementation of AIN-93G, and AE group performed 40 min treadmill exercise five times per week for five weeks. E, C, D, and F groups had a supplementation composed of general extracted red ginseng(GRG), HRG(250 mpk and 500 mpk), and HRG(250 mpk) + GB(167 mpk) in the AIN-93G. Main results of the study were as follow 1) the duration of running time to exhaustion was higher in exercise group compared to other groups. HRG had no effect on run to exhaustion time, but, GRG and HRG + GB showed longer run time than control groups. 2) Blood TC, TG, HDL-C and liver TG showed no difference between groups, but, liver TC showed lower level in the HRG groups than other groups. It was concluded that the 5 weeks of supplementation of HRG extract would have positive effects on liver cholesterol, and GRG and HRG + GB have a positive effect on exercise performance tested run to exhaustion time, but, we can not find a positive effect of supplementation of HRG on exercise performance.