• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.381-389
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• 2000

Metal matrix composite(MMCs) have been rapidly becoming one of the strongest candidates for structural materials for high temperature application. It is well recognized that MMCs always experience at least one large cool-down from processing temperature before my significant applied service loading. Due to the large difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the fiber and matrix, large thermal residual stresses generally develop in composites. It was reported from many previous studies that the effects of thermal residual stress on mechanical properties and fracture behavior were much more complex and dramatic than conventional engineering materials. Therefore it is crucial to evaluate the effect of heat treatment which changes the characteristic of distribution of thermal residual stress in MMCs. Single fiber composite(SFC) test based on the balance in a micromechanical model is a quite convenient method to evaluate interfacial shear strength(IFSS) and the failure mode of composite. In this study the effect of heat treatment on IFSS and the microscopic failure mechanism of MMC is investigated by combining acoustic emission(AE) technique with SFC test. The characteristic of AE signal, IFSS and microscopic failure mechanism due to heat treatment condition is discussed.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2018

Welding preheating means that the surface of the base material to which the metal is welded before the main welding is heated to a constant temperature. It prevents the cracks of the adjacent influences such as reduction of material hardening degree by controlling the cooling rate, suppression of segregation of impurities, prevention of thermal deformation, and moisture removal. For this reason, it is a necessary operation for high quality welding. Induction heating is an efficient heating method that converts electric energy into heat energy by applying electromagnetic induction phenomenon. Compared with combustion heat generated by gas and liquid, it is clean, stable, and economical as well as rapid heating. It can be heated regardless of the shape, depth and material of the heating body by modifying the shape of the frequency and the coil with a simple structure. In this paper, we implemented a low frequency welding preheating system using induction heating technique and observed the temperature changes of coil resistance, inductance and automotive transmission parts according to the height of each transmission in winding coil for three kinds of automotive transmission parts. We confirmed that the change of current is a very important factor in the low frequency heating.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.499-508
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• 2016

Injection molding is a method for manufacturing many products, wherein a plasticized resin is injected into a mold at high pressure and hardened. According to the method, the product can be manufactured into various forms, and the mass production of up to tens of thousands of products is possible. The purpose of this study was to determine the process conditions for manufacturing a door latch for automobiles, through an analysis of the injection molding method. To calculate an appropriate injection flow for injection molding, a primary analysis for comparing the injection time, pressure, flow pattern, consolidation range, shear stress, shear rate, and weld line, as well as a secondary analysis for determining the conditions for stabilizing the molding temperature, holding pressure, and cooling process, were conducted. The characteristics of injection molding, and their influence on the product quality are discussed. No weld line and pores were observed on the products that had been manufactured based on the process conditions determined above. In addition, there were no flaws regarding the deformation compared to the prototype. Therefore, the manufacture of a product under the conditions determined in this study can reduce the defect rate compared to the existing production, and the process is also more competitive due to reduced production time.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 2003

Silk was treated with calcium hydroxide for degumming at different treatment times, temperatures and Ca(OH)$_2$ concentration to optimize degumming conditions in this thesis. After degumming, soluble and insoluble sericin were seperated and then the soluble sericin was characterized by measuring the average degree of polymerization (D.P.), lysinoalanine (LAL) content, DSC, and by amino acid analysis. And degummed silk fibroin was characterized by measuring tenacity and SEM. Degumming loss was increased by increasing the treatment time and temperature until about 30 minutes. After then, a slight difference was found along with treatment times at the Ca(OH)$_2$ concentrations of 0.07% and 0.1% solutions. After degumming, insoluble sericin ratio on degumming solution was increased by increasing treatment temperature at Ca(OH)$_2$ 0.04% solution. At the concentration Ca(OH)$_2$ of 0.07%, a soluble ratio was almost 100% regardless of treatment time and temperature. At the beginning of treatment, insoluble ratio was high at Ca(OH)$_2$ 0.1% solution but it was decreased by increasing treatment time. At the Ca(OH)$_2$ concentration of 0.04%, D.P. of soluble sericin was maintained as a constant value of 10 at 100$^{\circ}C$ although treatment time was increased. However, at 80$^{\circ}C$ and 90$^{\circ}C$, it was hard to prepare a soluble sericin having a constant D.P. by increasing treatment time. At the Ca(OH)$_2$ concentration of 0.07%, D.P. was almost 10 irrespective of treatment temperature and time. Soluble sericins with high D.P. of 20∼30 were obtained at 0.1% and 100$^{\circ}C$. LAL was not detected in soluble sericin. As the results of amino acid analysis, it showed that Ca(OH)$_2$ degumming reduced the contents of hydroxy amino acids like Ser., Thr. and Tyr. In DSC analysis of soluble sericin, endothermic peak by thermal deformation and pyrolysis showed at 189$^{\circ}C$ and at 299$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The tenacities of degummed silk were 15∼30% lower than that of raw silk. And it was decreased with increasing treatment time. From the morphological study, the thickness of degummed silk fibroin became thinner by increasing degumming loss. The roughness of a silk fibroin surface was appeared as treatment concentration was increased.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.211-237
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• 2000

Major element zoning has been analyzed in garnet porphroblasts obtained from the Grt-St and Ky-Grt-St grade assemblages in Zones I on the northern flank of the Pelham Dome, north central Massachusetts. These porphyroblasts grew during multiple phases of deformation and meta-morphism revealed by the inclusion trail geometry plus the chemical zoning patterns within garnet porphyroblasts. Unusual zoning patterns, including zoning reversals and gradient changes in XMn, zlgzag patterns in Fe/(Fe +Mg) and staircase-shaped patterns in XCa, are coincident with textural truncations and other changes in microstructure within the garnet porphrublasts. Chemical variations in plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and staurolite combined with inclusion trail geometry and petrography reveal that the garnet zoning patterns are modified by combinations of the following. (1) Uni-and divariant reactions involving garnet consumption(Grt+ Chl+Ms=St+Bt+Qtz + $H_2$O) and production(St+Ms + Qtz= Bt+ Grt +A1$_2$$SiO_{5}$ + $H_2$O). (2) Deformation induced episudic ionit dissolution, preferential diffusion and re-distribution during foliation development. (3) P-T changes during growth of the porphyroblasts. The P-T paths combined with petrographic and inclusion trail morphology observations consist of two pattens; (1) heating/compression during NW-SE shortening; and (2) decompression with cooling during NNW-SSE shortening. Based on temperature-time(T-t) geochronological data and late-Paleozoic tectonic model, Alleghanian metamorphism, which is the result of heterogeneous shearing concentrated along the boundary between the Abalone Terrane(Pelham dome) and cover rocks(Bronson Hill Terrane), has produced Ky-St-Ms mineral assemblage during Pennsylvanian(290-300 Ma) in Shutesbury area. However, temperature of alleghanian metamorphism was not high enough to form garnet and staurolite in the Northfiled syncline area. Alleghanian metamorphism has affected only the matrix due to heterogeneous shearing in the study area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2017

A turbocharger is an engine supercharger that is driven by exhaust gas. It improves the output and fuel efficiency by increasing the charging efficiency of the mixture gas, which is achieved by changing the rotatory power of the turbine connected to the exhaust passage. It is important to control the supercharging for this purpose. A nozzle slide joint is one of the core parts. Austenitic stainless steel is currently used as the material for this part, and its excellent mechanical properties include high heat resistance and corrosion resistance. However, because of its poor machinability, there are many difficulties in producing products with complicated shapes. Machining is used in the production of nozzle slide joints for high dimensional accuracy after metal powder injection molding. As design variables in this study, we investigated the sintering temperature, product stress, deformation rate, radius of curvature of the punch, and angle of the chamfer punch, which are related to the strain and shapes. The goal is to suggest a forming process using Nitronic 60 that does not require machining to manufacture a nozzle slide joint for a turbocharger. Accordingly, we determined the best process environment using finite-element analysis, the signal-noise ratio, and the Taguchi method for experiment design. The relative density and hydrostatic pressure of the final product were in accordance with the results of the finite element analysis. Therefore, we conclude that the Taguchi method can be applied to the design process of metal powder injection molding.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.831-836
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• 1998

The B1914 Ni-base superalloy was manufactured according to crystal structures of poly-, directionally solidified- and single crystals. We observe deformation as type of different crystal structure from room to high temperature. Specimens are controled by cooling rate and thermal gradient and then heat treatment in vacuum and then cooling with Ar gas. Different crystal structure has different stress-strain characteristic. At $600^{\circ}C$, yield strength and ultimate strength is increased single-, directionally solidified- and poly crystals in order.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.391-404
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• 2000

This study investigated the geochemical characteristics of mine drainage discharged from an abandoned coal mine in the Hwasoon area. Surface water samples were collected from 23 locations along the Hancheon creek. The concentration of Zn and Cu in stream waters was highest at low pH (3.53), whereas the content of TDS and TDI was highest at high pH (7.78) due to the concentration of Ca, $HCO_3$ and $SO_4$. At the upstream site, the Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn, and $SO_4$ contents were relatively high but decreased significantly with the distance from the coal mine. On the contrary, the Na and $NO_3$ contents were low at the upstream site but increased downstream. Yellow precipitate material collected in the Hancheon consisted mainly of iron and LOI. This yellow precipitate was heated from 100 to $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. With increasing temperature, the intensity of hematite peaks were sharply produced in X-ray pattern and the absorption band Fe-O of hematite increased in IR due to dehydration and melting. The yellow to brown precipitate and evaporite materials were collected by a air-dry from the acid mine water at the laboratory. After drying, the concentration of ions in the acid water samples increased progressively in oversaturation with respect to either gypsum, ferrohexahydrite or quenstedetite. The X-ray powder diffraction studies identified that the precipitated and evaporated materials after drying were well crystallized gypsum, ferrohexahydrite and quenstedetite. Diagnostic peaks used for identification of gypsum were the 7.65, 4.28, 3.03, 2.87 and 2.48$\AA$ peaks and those for ferrohexahydrite were the 5.46, 5.12, 4.89, 4.44, 4.05, 3.62, 3.46, 3.40, 3.20, 3.03, 2.94, 2.53, 2.28, 2.07, 1.88 and 1.86${\AA} peaks. The IR spectra with OH-stretching, deformation of $H_2O$and ${SO_4}^{2-}$stretching vibration include the existence of gypsum, ferrohexahydrite and quenstedetite in the precipitated and evaporite materials. In the SEM and EDS analysis for the evaporite material, gypsum with well-crystallized, acicular, and columnar form was distinctly observed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.565-583
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• 2020

In recent years, various social issues related to the natural radioactive elements detected in household goods and building materials are addressed, and should be solved promptly. In Korea, for more than 20 years, the Ministry of Environment has investigated the natural radioactive materials such as heavy metals, uranium, and radon in soil or groundwater. The origins of natural radioactive materials in them may have a close correlation with the geological factors including classification of rocks, petrogenetic origins, and deformation characteristics, but the exact geological correlations are not clarified because of the absence of the government policy preserved in the basement rocks, soils as well as groundwater in fault-related reservoirs. This study aims to perform a research on the correlation between the petrogeneses of the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks and natural radioactive concentrations in rocks (radon, uranium, thorium, potassium etc.) in Korea. Among the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks, alkaline plutonic rocks (syenite, monzonite and monzodiorite and alkali granite) show high U and Th concentrations by high solubilities of U, Th, Zr, REE, and Nb until the most extreme stages of magmatic fractionation (viz. crystal fractionation) due to high magma temperature and high alkalinity tendency. The highly fractionated high-K calalkaline and peraluminous granitic rocks (leucogranite, two-mica granite and leucocratic pegmatite are also U and Th concentrations compared with other less or medium fractionated granitic rocks (diorite, granodiorite and granite). The alkaline plutonic rocks are associated with intracontinental rifting and extensional environment after crustal thickening by collisional and subductional processes. In contrast, the dominant calc-alkaline granitic rocks in Korea are related to the arc environment of the subduction zone. In summary, the trends of the U, Th and K concentration from the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks in Korea are closely linked to the petrogenesis of the rocks in tectonic environment. The preliminary data for gamma-spectrometric mesurments of natural radionuclide contents (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) in the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks show high values in the alkaline and highly fractionated granitic rocks.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.476-483
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• 2001

초유동콘크리트는 유동성 증진 및 충전성 향상을 위해 단위분체량을 크게하기 때문에 콘크리트의 고강도화와 수화발열량을 증가시키는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 초유동콘크리트의 강도조절과 수화열 저감을 위해 쇄석분을 이용하여 초유동콘크리트의 강도, 유동성, 내구성능 및 건조수축 특성을 검토하였다. 실험결과 쇄석분은 치환율 10% 증가시마다 무치환시의 압축강도를 약 10~15%씩 감소시키며, 변형계수와 물구속비를 감소시켜 초유동콘크리트의 유동성 향상에 효과적이다. 또한 초유동콘크리트에서 쇄석분 10%치환시 마다 단위시멘트량 감소에 따른 최고 단열온도상승량을 약 4$^{\circ}C$씩 감소시켰다. 반면 건조수축량은 10%치환시 마다 약 5%증가시켰다. 한편 초유동콘크리트의 내구성능은 단위분체량과 유동성향상에 따른 조직의 치밀화로 쇄석분 치환에 관계없이 상대동탄성계수 90%이상으로 우수하게 나타났다. 이와 같이 분체로서 쇄석분 사용은 치환량에 따른 초유동콘크리트의 강도조절이 가능하며 수화발열량을 저감시킬 수 있다. ^ x Super flowing concrete causes high strength and the increase of heat of hydration because of the big unit powder content of concrete to increase flowability and to improve compact of concrete. Therefore, this study investigates the characteristic properties of strength, flowability, durability and drying shrinkage to control strength and to reduce heat of hydration of super flowing concrete using crushed stone fines. According to the experimental results, when crushed stone fines are increased every 10%, 10~15% of compressive strength is decreased and flowability of super flowing concrete is effectively improved due to the decrease of modulus of deformation and confined water ratio. When crushed stone fines are replaced every 10%, 4$^{\circ}C$ of the highest adiabatic temperature rise is decreased by reducing the unit cement. However, 5% of drying shrinkage is increased in the same condition. In the meantime, durability of super flowing concrete is excellent, having over 90 % of good relative dynamic modulus of elasticity due to fineness of formation caused by the increase of the unit powder content and the improvement of flowability, without regard to the replacement of crushed stone fines. Therefore, it can be said that the usage of crushed stone fines can control the strength of super flowing concrete by replacement and reduce heat of hydration.