• ALGAE
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2024

Red macroalga Pyropia yezoensis is a high valuable cultivated marine crop. Its acclimation to cold stress is especially important for long cultivation period across winter in coasts of warm temperate zone in East Asia. In this study, the response of P. yezoensis thalli to low temperature was analyzed on physiology and transcriptome level, to explore its acclimation mechanism to cold stress. The results showed that the practical photosynthesis activity (indicated by Φ_PSII and qP) was depressed and pigment allophycocyanin content was decreased during the cold stress of 48 h. However, the F_v/F_m and non-photochemical quenching increased significantly after 24 h, and the average growth rate of thalli also rebounded from 24 to 48 h, indicating a certain extent of acclimation to cold stress. On transcriptionally, the low temperature promoted the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, while genes related to photosynthetic system were depressed. The increased expression of DEGs involved in ribosomal biogenesis and lipid metabolism which could accelerate protein synthesis and enhance the degree of fatty acid unsaturation, might help P. yezoensis thallus cells to cope with cold stress. Further co-expression network analysis revealed differential expression trends along with stress time, and corresponding hub genes play important roles in the systemic acquired acclimation to cold stress. This study provides basic mechanisms of P. yezoensis acclimation to cold temperature and may aid in exploration of functional genes for genetic breeding of economic macroalgae.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1999

Change of proteins was confirmed during low temperature acclimation of overwintering larva, and some biochemical characteristics of the induced antifreeze protein-1 (AFP-1) were investigated in Protaetia brevitarsis. As the freezing point depression by the action of induced AFPs, a considerable thermal hysteresis was observed in the haemolymph and in partially purified proteins. AFP-1 was purified from the cold acclimation larvae by ammonium sulfate precipitation ion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and electroelution. The purified AFP-1 was determined to be a glycoprotein (approximately 320 kDa, pl 5.8) composed of a single type of subunit (80 kDa). The high contents of hydrophilic amino acids (Asp, Glu, Lys, Asn, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr) were also confirmed, showing similarity with antifreeze proteins from other insects.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 1998

Freezing-resistant plants can survive subzero temperatures by withstanding extracellular ice formation. During cold acclimation, their leaves accumulate antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are secreted into the apoplast and have the ability to modify the normal growth of ice crystals. Three barley, two wheat and two rye cultivars were grown under two different temperature regimes (20/16$^{\circ}C$ and 5/2$^{\circ}C$, day/night). Apoplastic proteins from winter cereals were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected with antisera to AFPs from winter rye. Apoplastic proteins accumulated to much higher levels in cold-acclimated (CA) leaves compared with nonacclimated (NA) ones in winter cereals. After cold acclimation, the protein concentration of apoplastic extracts increased significantly from 0.088 $mgmL^{-1}$ to 0.448 $mgmL^{-1}$, with about 5-fold increment. Also, the apoplastic protein content per gram leaf fresh weight in CA leaves ranged from 31 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ to 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ with an averaged value of 77 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$, and coefficients of variation of 54.9%. The CA leaves in Musketeer (a Canadian winter rye cultivar) showed the greatest AFPs and antifreeze activity followed by 'Geurumil' (a Korean winter wheat cultivar), and 'Dongbori l' (Korean facultative barley cultivar). The proteins secreted into the wheat leaf apoplast at CA condition were more numerous than those observed in winter rye, where two $\beta$-1,3-glucanase-like proteins (GLPs), two chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) and two thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) accumulated during cold acclimation. The proteins in barley leaf apoplast at CA conditions were a little different from those in wheat leaves. The AFPs were various among and within species. More freezing-resistant cultivars had more clear and numerous bands than less freezing-resistant ones. The high determination coefficient ($R^2$ =91 %) between freezing resistance and AFPs per gram leaf fresh weight indicated that the amount of AFPs was highly related to freezing resistance in winter cereal crops.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Kale (Brassica oleracea) biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. Specifically, carotenoids are affected by temperature, light, and oxygen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold stress (day/night: $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$) on carotenoids in kale leaves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kale was grown in pots for up to 50 days after sowing (DAS) in a greenhouse. For cold acclimation experiments, kale grown in growth chambers for 3 days and was subjected to low temperature for 4 days. The conditions maintained in the growth chambers were as follows: photoperiod, 12/12 h (day/night); light, fluorescent; and relative humidity, 60%. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total carotenoid content gradually increased during cold acclimation for 3 days. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the total carotenoid content was high at $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ treatment, but low at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. The total carotenoid content of kale leaves continuously grown in greenhouse decreased from 50 to 57 DAS (1,418 and 1,160 mgkg-1 dry wt., respectively). The lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents were very low and the zeaxanthin contents were very high at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the ratio of individual to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 4553% for -carotene and 210% for zeaxanthin. CONCLUSION: The ${\beta}-carotene$ and zeaxanthin contents in kale leaves indicate their sensitiveness toward cold stress.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 1975

Activities of serum alkaline phosphatase(SALP) and serum acid phosphatase (SACP) have been assayed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated to $30^\\circ C$ and $33^\\circ C$for 240 hours and 64 hours, respectively. The alteration in the activities of SALP and SACP in rats acclimated to $33^\\circ C$ was generally greater than those acclimated to $30^\\circ C$. The SACP and SALP activities of the rats acclimated to $30^\\circ C$ showed generally a persistently high levels in comparison to the control. It may be inferred that the SALP and SACP positibly be involved directly or indirectly in thermoregulation during acclimation to $30^\\circ C$.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1998

Effects of temperature, pH, and salt concentration on the preservation of the infective juvenile entolopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae, were analyzed. The effects of acclimation to sublethal low temperature and glycerol concentrations on rapid cold hardening of the nematodes were also evaluated to set up the conditions for their cryopreservation. All tested environmental factors could change the storage effectiveness of the nematodes. These analyses indicated that the optinal storage condition for the nematodes consisted of $15^{\circ}C$, pH 8.5, and 0.5-1.0% salt concentration. The nematodes showed a rapid could hardening in response to $5^{\circ}C$ for 2h. Glycerol induced the nematodes to increase the cold hardiness. Its high concentration over 10%, however, gave a harmful effect on the nematode survival.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.77-97
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• 1993

Human and animals are living by acclimation to environmental changes like high and cold temperature, nose, confinement, etc. If the above changes reach a defined levels, some physiological abnormal state could appear, which we call them as stress state. Catecholamines are excreted by the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system in free from in urine. Catecholamines are derived from the adrenal medulla and urinary epinephrine can be taken as a rough estemation of the activity of this gland. Many scientist reported the endocrinological change, excretion of catecholamine and its metabolites, stomach ulcer formation, etc. under the condition of the confinement and high temperature. In this study author gave restraint, electric shock and immersion stress to rats by administrating by HPLC and got the following results. 1. In the restriant experiment, epinephrine contents in control rat was 194.7 ng, but in Bohyulanshintang administered rat urine 198.9 ng of epinephrine was found. 2. In the electrical shock experiment, 199.5 ng of epinephrine was found in the control rat urine, but in Bohyulanshintang administered rat urine epinephrine content was 142.4 ng. 3. Dopamine contents in control rat urine the immersion environment was 118.9 ng, but in Bohyulanshintang administered rat urine only 55.2 ng of dopamine was found. 4. Incontrol rat stomach there appeared focal erosion and inflamatory exudate, but in experimental group these symptom were turned to mild condition.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2002

EST analysis was performed to identify stress-responsive and immune-related genes from mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis), cDNA libraries were constructed with liver, intestine and kidney tissues and randomly chosen clones (216 for liver, 198 for intestine and 224 for kidney) were subjected to automated sequence analysis. Of 638 clones sequenced in totlal, approximalely 25% of ESTs was novel sequences (no match to GenBank) or sequences with high homology to hypothrtical/unknown genes. Several potential stress-responsive biomarker and/or immure-related genes were identified in all the tissues examined. It included lectin, MHC class I/II proteins, proteinase inhibitors, superoxide dismulase, catalase, glutathionc-S. transferase, heat-shock protein, warm temperature acclimation protein, complements, methylrransferasc, zinc finger proteins, macrophage maturation associated protein, and others. This information will offer new possibilities as fundamental baseline data for the molecular genetics and breeding of this species with an emphasis on the development of stress. (and disease)-resistsnt fish.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2019

Rising of water temperature due to global warming is a great concern to aquaculturists and fishery biologists. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of high water temperature on juvenile red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara based on the evaluation of stress responses in blood. E. akaara juveniles were exposed to different thermal conditions ($25^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, $31^{\circ}C$, and $34^{\circ}C$) for 6 weeks following 2 weeks of acclimation at $25^{\circ}C$. Blood cell morphology and number were examined at three sampling points (2, 7, and 42 days) from a total of 180 fish. Major erythrocytic cellular abnormalities (ECA) observed in blood smears of thermally stressed groups ($31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$) after 6 weeks were echinocytes, teardrop-like cells, swollen cells and vacuolated cells. Both red and white blood cell number (RBC and WBC) were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in $31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$ group after 6 weeks thermal exposure. Differential leucocytes number showed significant increases in neutrophil (N) and decreases in lymphocytes (L) in the highest temperature ($34^{\circ}C$). Different N:L ratio was observed at different thermal conditions which can be used as a reliable alternative to measure stress response. Taken together, these results suggest that higher temperature ($31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$) can interfere the immune system of red spotted grouper by altering the blood cell morphology and number.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.50-53
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• 2006

Nerine was originated from South Africa and around 30 kinds of species are distributed in worldwide. In present study we have characterized the condition of storage and growing conditions on the bulb propagation of Nerine by the tissue culture. Result indicated that the percentage of decrement, decay and sprouting of bulblets in the tissue culture was high at the higher temperature compare to lower temperature. The optimum conditions for storage and time were 12 weeks at $15^{\circ}C$ which were having 86.4% sprouting rate. The sprouting rate at different temperature and acclimation time, using bulblets in the tissue culture, were optimum at early June when temperature is relatively higher($22^{\circ}C$) that facilitate to breaking the dormancy. Growth characteristics and capacity of photosynthesis of Nerine were better at red and blue mixed lightness.