• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel formulation of an herbal extracts has an inhibitory effect on obesity. To determine its anti-obesity effects, we performed anti-obesity-related experiments in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of herbal extracts using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model and 3T3-L1 adipose cells. The effects of each herbal extracts on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined using Oil Red O staining. Results showed that treatment with each herbal extracts at $10{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$ had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, herbal extracts treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocytes controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. Futhermore, compared with control-differentiated mature adipocytes, each herbal extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the HFD-fed obese mice, body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced by mixture of herbal extracts administration in mouse skin. Futhermore, we found that mixture of herbal extracts administration suppressed serum triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TCHO) in HFD-induced obese mouse model. The mixture of herbal extracts of permeability was estimated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value in pig skin. The optimized formulations of herbal extracts (Test 3 formulation) showed skin permeation. However, test 1 formulation containing essential oil as enhancer showed maximum skin permeation. After confirming the enhanced skin permeability, in vivo studies were performed to assess whether skin irritation potential on the basis of a primary irritation index (PII) in rabbit skin. Reactions were scored for erythema/edema reactions at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-application. It was concluded that the test 1 formulation was not irritation (PII = 0). The present study suggests that the test 1 formulation might be of therapeutic interest with respect to the treatment of obesity.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Objectives : Although the anti-obesity effect of Schizandrae Fructus water extract has been demonstrated, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Schizandrae Fructus water extract through the p-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), sirtuin1 (Sirt1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling in 60% high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Methods : Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups. The Normal group was fed a normal diet and the obese groups were fed 60% HFD. Except for the Control group, the GG group was supplemented with 0.5% Garcinia gummigutta and the SCW group was supplemented with 0.5% Schizandrae Fructus water extract. After 6 weeks, obesity-related biomarkers in serum were measured and the expressions of protein for lipid-related factors in liver tissue were analyzed by western blot. Results : Treatment with SCW significantly down-regulated body weight compared to the Control group. SCW down-regulated levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum and significantly increased p-AMPK, Sirt1, and PGC-1α in liver tissue. In addition, the expressions of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) were significantly up-regulated. However, fatty acid synthesis-related proteins including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (p-ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly down-regulated. Conclusions : Taken together, SCW treatment showed anti-obesity effect by regulating both fatty acid oxidation-related and fatty acid synthesis-related proteins through AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling in 60% HFD-induced obese mice.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.716-728
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• 2023

감초의 항비만 소재로서 가능성을 확인하기 위해 고지방 식이로 유도된 마우스 모델과 3T3-L1 지방 전구세포의 지방세포 분화과정에 GUE의 효과를 평가하였다. GUE의 섭취는 고지방 식이로 인해 증가한 마우스 체중을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한, GUE 처리로 인해 3T3-L1 지방 전구세포의 지방세포 분화과정에 의해 증가한 지방구 형성이 효과적으로 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 이런 억제 효과는 GUE가 지방세포 분화과정에서 증가한 PPARγ 및 C/EBPα의 발현을 효과적으로 억제하기 때문이며, 이는 지방 대사 조절 인자들의 발현억제에도 영향을 주었다. 또한, LC-Q-TOF-MS 분석을 통해 GUE 주요 생리활성 물질을 분석한 결과, liquiritigenin 배당체 및 licorice saponins를 포함한 12종의 주요 생리활성 물질들이 동정되었다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때, GUE의 항비만 효과는 우수한 생리활성을 가지는 phytochemical들에 의한 지방 대사 조절 인자들의 발현조절과 관련이 깊다고 판단되며, 감초의 비만을 포함한 대사성질환 예방 소재로서 활용 가치를 높이는데 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2024

Objective: Testicular fat deposition has been reported to affect animal reproduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study explored whether sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis contribute to mouse testicular fat deposition-induced reproductive performance. Methods: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity CD1 mice (DIO) were used as a testicular fat deposition model. The serum hormone test was performed by agent kit. The quality of sperm was assessed using a Sperm Class Analyzer. Testicular tissue morphology was analyzed by histochemical methods. The expression of spermatocyte marker molecules was monitored by an immuno-fluorescence microscope during meiosis. Analysis of the synthesis of testosterone was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and reagent kit. Results: It was found that there was a significant increase in body weight among DIO mice, however, the food intake showed no difference compared to control mice fed a normal diet (CTR). The number of offspring in DIO mice decreased, but there was no significant difference from the CTR group. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were lower in DIO mice and their luteinizing hormone levels were similar. The results showed a remarkable decrease in sperm density and motility among DIO mice. We also found that fat accumulation affected the meiosis process, mainly reflected in the cross-exchange of homologous chromosomes. In addition, overweight increased fat deposition in the testis and reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes, thereby affecting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testicular Leydig cells. Conclusion: Fat accumulation in the testes causes testicular cell dysfunction, which affects testosterone hormone synthesis and ultimately affects sperm formation.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2020

본 연구는 고지방식이로 비만이 유도된 동물모델에서 크릴오일 섭취를 통한 비만 개선 효능을 확인하고자 하였다. 실험동물은 16주간 고지방식이를 섭취시켜 비만 동물모델을 유도하였으며, 실험 종료 4주 전 크릴오일을 100, 200, 500 mg/kg/day의 농도로 4주간 투여하였다. 실험동물의 체중 변화, 장기 무게 변화, 식이 효율과 혈청 내 아디포카인 인 렙틴과 아디포넥틴 농도를 측정하여, 농도별 크릴오일의 비만 개선 효과를 확인하였다. 고지방식이를 유도한 대조군은 정상식이를 유도한 군에 비해 유의적으로 체중이 증가하여 비만이 유도됨을 확인하였다. 반면 크릴오일 200, 500 mg/kg/day 농도로 투여한 군에서 비만을 유도한 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 체중을 감소시키는 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 고지방식이를 유도한 대조군은 혈청 렙틴 증가 및 아디포아인 감소로 비정상적인 아디포카인 조절능을 나타낸 반면 크릴오일을 500 mg/kg/day 농도로 투여한 군에서는 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 혈청 렙틴 감소 및 아디포넥틴 증가를 나타내어, 아디포카인 조절을 통한 비만 개선 효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 크릴오일의 투여는 아디포카인 분비 조절을 통해 체중을 감소시켜 비만 개선 효능이 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 체지방 개선용 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성이 있을 것이다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.194-199
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• 2014

The roots of Paeonia lactiflora (PL) has been traditionally used as analgesic, spasmolytic and tonic in Korea, China, and Japan. As part of a search for herbal medicine to treat diabetes and obesity, we confirmed hypoglycemic effect of PL through high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic mice experiments in vivo. Treatment of ethanolic extract from PL led to a significant decrease in glucose level, which is comparable to that of an antidiabetic drug metformin. In addition, PL selectively stimulates the transcriptional activities of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\alpha}$ and ${\gamma}$, and inhibits enzymatic activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which are predicted to be therapeutic target in treatment of type2 diabetes and obesity. Especially, the n-hexane fraction (Hx) from PL ethanol extract showed more potent activities on $PPAR{\alpha}$ and than others and exihibited moderate inhibitory activity against PTP1B.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2017

Objectives : Obesity is caused by the excess accumulation of fat in the body due to energy imbalance, and it causes various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate an anti-obesity efficacy and an antioxidant activity of water from herbal mixture extract (SM17). Methods : The antioxidant activities were evaluated through radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. To evaluated anti-obesity effect of SM17, we used a high fat diet fed mouse model. The SM17 (150 mg/kg body weight/day, p.o.) was treated every day for 6 weeks to C57BL/6 mice. Body weight and food intake were measured every day. The changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alanine aminotransferanse (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerids (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum were analyzed after experiment. Also, expression of lipid metabolism related proteins were investigated by western blot analysis. Results : It was effective in antioxidant measurements, SM17 administration inhibited the biomarkers of lipid metaboism in serum and tissues. The administration of SM17 showed a significant reduction of body and tissue weight. Morever, it decreased ROS, ALT, AST, TG and TC in serum, compared with those of the obese mice. Adipogenesis-related protein expressions increased in obese mice compared to normal mice. However, SM17 group exhibited the down-expression of these proteins. Conclusion : A SM17 aqueous extract has a great effect on the stimulation (AMPK) activation, and may have a benefit to reduce a fatty acid metabolism through inhibition of lipid accumulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1190-1197
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• 2017

Objective: Adipose tissue is no longer considered as an inert storage organ for lipid, but instead is thought to play an active role in regulating insulin effects via secretion adipokines. However, conflicting reports have emerged regarding the effects of adipokines. In this study, we investigated the role of adipokines in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in obese Bama mini-pigs. Methods: An obesity model was established in Bama mini-pigs, by feeding with high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 30 weeks. Plasma glucose and blood biochemistry levels were measured, and intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed. Adipokines, including adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and glucose-induced insulin secretion were also examined by radioimmunoassay. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in skeletal muscle, which is a useful insulin resistance marker, was examined by immunoblotting. Additionally, associations of AMPK phosphorylation with plasma adipokines and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were assessed by Pearce's correlation analysis. Results: Obese pigs showed hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, and insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and IL-6 amounts dramatically increased (p<0.05) in obese pigs both in serum and adipose tissue, corroborating data from obese mice and humans. However, circulating resistin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed no difference, while the values of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in adipose tissue were significantly higher in obese pigs, also in agreement with data from obese humans but not rodent models. Moreover, strong associations of skeletal muscle AMPK phosphorylation with plasma adiponectin and HOMA-IR index were obtained. Conclusion: AMPK impairment induced by adiponectin decrease mediates insulin resistance in high-fat and high-sucrose diet induction. In addition, Bama mini-pig has the possibility of a conformable model for human metabolic diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated whether Gelidium amansii extract (GAE) ameliorates obesity in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: The mice were maintained on a high-fat diet (HD) for 5 weeks to generate the DIO mouse model. And then mice fed HD plus 0.5% (GAE1), 1% (GAE2) or 2% (GAE3) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: After the experimental period, GAE-supplemented groups were significantly lower than the HD group in body weight gain and liver weight. GAE supplemented groups were significantly lower than the HD group in both epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissue mass. The plasma leptin level was significantly higher in the HD group than in GAE-supplemented groups. The leptin level of HD+GAE3 group was significantly lower than that of the HD+conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) group. In contrast, plasma adiponectin level of the HD group was significantly lower than those of HD+GAE2 and HD+GAE3 groups. The expression levels of adipogenic proteins such as fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ in the GAE supplemented groups were significantly decreased than those in HD group, respectively. In addition, the expression levels of HD+GAE2 and HD+GAE3 groups are significantly decreased compared to those of HD+CLA group. On the contrary, the expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase and phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase, proteins associated with lipolysis, were significantly increased in the GAE supplemented groups compared to those in the HD group. HD+GAE3 group showed the highest level among the GAE supplemented groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that GAE supplementation stimulated the expressions of lipid metabolic factors and reduced weight gain in HD-fed C57BL/6J obese mice.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.192-202
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• 2017

황정 주정 추출물 ID1216의 고지방 식이 유도 비만 마우스에서의 체중 증가 억제 효과에 대한 분자생물학적 기전을 확인하고자 단백질과 mRNA 수준에서 지질 및 에너지 대사 관련 유전자들의 발현 변화를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 확인된 지표들 간의 상호 작용 및 ID1216의 조절 여부에 관해 Fig. 10에 나타내었다. 실험 결과 ID1216은 고지방 식이 유도 비만 마우스에서 체중 증가 억제를 나타내었으며, 비만 대사 관련 pathway의 상위 유전자로 사료되는 SIRT1과 AMPK의 발현을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 활성화된 SIRT1과 AMPK는 $PGC1{\alpha}$의 활성화에 관여하고, 이를 통해 열 발산 대사와 관련된 UCP 단백질과 핵 수용체 단백질인 $PPAR{\alpha}$의 발현이 백색지방, 갈색지방, 간 및 근육에서 증가되는 것이 확인되었다. 각 조직 별로 RT-PCR을 진행한 결과에서는 $PPAR{\alpha}$의 하위 유전자인 aP2, ACO, Acadl, Acadm, CPT1a, CPT1b의 mRNA 발현 수준을 향상시켜 주어 ID1216이 지방산 산화 대사인 ${\beta}$-oxidation의 활성화에 기여할 가능성을 보여주었다. 이와는 별개로 ID1216은 중성지질을 분해하는 것으로 알려진 ATGL의 mRNA 발현 또한 증가시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 ID1216이 조직에 따라 지질 및 에너지 대사와 관련된 인자의 발현에 영향을 주는 체중 조절에 효과적인 소재임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 비만 치료제와의 기전적 차별성과 생약 특유의 섭취 안전성을 특징으로 하는 체중 또는 체지방 조절 기능성 소재로의 활용 가능성도 충분히 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.