• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.311-317
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• 1991

Ten patients with deep muscle-invading bladder carcinoma (clinical stages T3a to T4b) who were not candidates for cystectomy were treated with combined modality treatment with transurethral resection, cisplatin chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation from 1989 through 1990, and were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were not candidates for cystectomy because the tumors were judged unresectable or they were not fit for a radical cystectomy. Of the patients 5 had clinical stage T3a, 3 stage T3b and 2 stage T4b disease. The minimum follow-up was 16 months. The complete response rate is 60$\%$ for all patients. The complete responses were achieved in 4 of 5(80$\%$) with stage cT3a, in 2 of 3(67$\%$)with stage cT3b and in none of 2(0$\%$) with stage cT4b. The partial responses were achieved in 2, so an overall response rate was 80$\%$. All six patients with grade I or II transitional cell carcinoma showed complete responses. Four patients with higher grade tumors showed partial responses in 2 and no response in 2, and all died of their bladder cancer. Six patients who showed complete responses after treatment are alive and only one of them showed a local recurrence 10 months after treatment. Distant metastases developed in 3 patients: lungs in 2(cT4b) of those who were never locally free of disease and spine in 1 patient (cT3b) among those with a partial response. Two patients died of metastases to lungs. During the follow-up diarrhea occurred in one which was improved after conservative treatment. On the basis of this analysis it is suggested that combined modality treatment seems to be a tolerable regimen and can be offered with a relatively high probability of success and conservation of bladder function in those with less advanced tumors by clinical stage and low grade.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2006

Purpose: This study explored the anal sphincter-saving rate and down-staging rate after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for treating lower rectal cancer. We also explored the prognosis of the patients who refused surgery after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Thirty seven patients with histologically proven lower rectal cancer who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. In each case, the tumor location was 0 to 5 em from the anal verge, and curative resection of the cancer with performing a sphincter-saving procedure was not feasible before chemoradiotherapy. In each case, the staging examinations, including biopsy, were done before starting radiotherapy and this was repeated at 1 month after radiation therapy. Results: After chemoradiotherapy, among the 37 included patients, 56.8% and 32.4% were downstaged to the T stage and N stage, respectively, when comparing the postradiotherapy stage with pre-radiotherapy stage. Twenty five patients underwent complete resection of cancer at 6 weeks after radiotherapy: eleven, eight and six patients underwent abdominoperineal resection, low anterior resection and local excision, respectively. The sphincter-saving rate among the 24 completely resected cases was 54.2%. Twelve patients refused surgery after radiotherapy. Among 6 patients who refused surgery with biopsy-proven complete remission after chemoradiotherapy, 5 patients were alive without disease at a median follow up period of 31 months, and only 1 patient had local failure. Conclusion: For lower rectal cancer, a high sphincter-saving rate was accomplished with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The prognosis of the patients who refused surgery with biopsy proven complete remission after chemoradiotherapy was good and these patients need to be kept under close surveillance.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 1998

Purpose : To determine the role of Pelvic irradiation in stage I or IIA cervical carcinoma with pelvic nodal metastasis after hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective study of 68 cervical carcinoma patients who were found to have pelvic nodal metastasis at hysterectomy and received pelvic irradiation from 1983 to 1996 at Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital. External beam radiation therapy to pelvis was delivered using 4 MeV Linac and intracavitary irradiation was given via vaginal ovoids or cylinders. Five-year survival and disease-free survival were estimated by Kaplan-Meier Method and prognostic factors related to survival were analysed by log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results : Median length of follow-up was 52months. Five-year overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) were 81.8$\%$ and 81.7$\%$ respectively. Patients with endometrial invasion had a 57.1$\%$ 5-year DFS compared to 87.5$\%$ for those without endometrial invasion (p=0.0074). Multivariate analysis revealed endometrial invasion as an only statistically significant prognostic factor for 5-year DFS. Among total 15 (22$\%$) recurrences. pelvic recurrences occurred in 4 cases and distant metastases occurred in 13 cases. Conclusion : We have been able to confirm previous results demonstrating marked decrease in local recurrence after pelvic irradiation. In view of the high proportion of distant metastasis found in this study, a trial of aggressive adjuvant systemic therapy and irradiation in early stage cervical carcinoma patients with pelvic nodal metastasis, especially with endometrial invasion, appears to be warranted.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.263-291
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• 2015

In May, 2015, a 68 years old man, who has been Middle East Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, had high fever, muscle aches, cough and shortness of breath. he went two local hospital near his house and the S Medical Center emergency center. He was diagnosed MERS(Middle East respiratory syndrome) and the diseases had put South Korea the fear of epidemics for three months. Especially, this disease has firstly reported in Middle East Asia in September 2012 and spreaded to twenty-six countries. In 21, July, 2015, European Center for disease prevention and control reported 533 people were died and in South Korea, 186 people were infected, 36 people were died and 16,693 people were isolated from MERS. South Korea government were faced into epidemic control and blamed from public. Especially, hospital acquired infection, disease control chain, opening of information, ventilation, lack of isolation bed, the problem of function of local health center, the issue of reparation for hospital and insurance cover rate, the classification of disease, the role of Korea Centers for disease control and prevention, the culture of visiting hospital to see sick people, the issue of hospital multiple room and other related social support policy. it is time to study and discuss to solve these problems. South Korea citizens felt fear and fright from MERS. What is wore, they thought the dieses were out of their government control. It was unusual case for word except Middle East Asia. numerous tourists canceled visiting korea. South korea economic were severly damaged especially, tourism industry. South korea government should admit that they had failed initial action against MERS and take full reasonability from any damages. The government have to open information to public in terms of epidemic diseases and try to prevent any other epidemic diseases and try to work with local governments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.398-406
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• 2012

This study aimed to examine whether the polygenic profile of ACE ID and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms is associated with muscle power performance in Korean athletes. For this study, 106 top-class power athletes (top-class group), 158 elite power athletes (elite-class group), and 676 healthy adults (control) aged 18-39 yrs were recruited and their genotypes were analyzed. The top-class group showed higher frequencies of the II genotype and I allele in ACE, as well as higher frequencies of the RR genotype and R allele in ACTN3 (top-class vs. control: 41.4% vs. 32.1% for II genotype, 67.1% vs. 57.7% for I allele, p<0.05; 42.3% vs. 29.0% for RR genotype, 65.3% vs. 54.8% for I allele, p<0.05). In the polygenic profile, the top-class group had significantly higher frequencies of combined-II/ID+RR/RX genotype than the control group (top-class vs. control: 82.9% vs. 66.7% for II/ID+RR/RX, p<0.05), and there was even a sharp increase in total genotype score (TGS) in this group compared to the elite-class and control groups ($66{\pm}0.9$ vs. $58{\pm}1.9$ vs. $56{\pm}2.3$, p<0.05). The combined-II/ID+RR/RX genotype showed the possibility of succussion in the top-class muscle power performance with an odds ratio of 2.3 (CI:1.4-4.1, p<0.05). These results suggested that ACE and ACTN3 need to interact with each other to affect muscle-power performance in an additive form. Furthermore, the polygenic profile of ACE and ACTN3 can predict muscle performance with high success in a homogeneous dominant combined genotype (II/ID+RR/RX). A further study could identify and combine other genes into ACE and ACTN3 for muscle strength.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.503-519
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate ginger growth and its nutrient uptake depending on changes of soil properties as affected by applications of green manure crop and/or charcoal in continuous cropping system. The green manure crops applied were barley and hairy vetch, and charcoal was additionally treated in selected plots as a soil conditioner. Experimental plots were prepared as Plot 1 (control), Plot 2 (barley of 8kg $10a^{-1}$), Plot 3 (hairy vetch of 12kg $10a^{-1}$), Plot 4 (charcoal of 1,000kg $10a^{-1}$ and barley 8kg $10a^{-1}$), and Plot 5 (charcoal of 1,000kg $10a^{-1}$ and hairy vetch of 12kg $10a^{-1}$) with two different soil conditions (high clay content, HCC and low clay content, LCC). When comparing selected chemical properties of soils before and after cultivating ginger plant, soil pH decreased from 6.9~8.1 to 6.8~7.6, and electrical conductivity (EC) also declined from $0.45{\sim}1.25dSm^{-1}$ to $0.30{\sim}0.61dSm^{-1}$. However, the content of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (T-N) increased. Thus, the soil chemical properties were improved with the applications of green manures and charcoal. Also, macro- and micro-nutrient contents of ginger plants in the different plots were various between normal and diseased plants grown in soils with HCC and LCC. In particular, the concentration of manganese (Mn) was 3~4 folds higher in the diseased plant than in the normal plants. Ginger growth status and yield was relatively improved with the applications of green manures and charcoal as comparing with control plot. Especially in the Plot 4 with LCC, the ginger plant was not infected by root-rot disease.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.spc
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• pp.48-56
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• 2014

Weekly changes of water environments and phytoplankton community with the salinity gradients were investigated at Gyoungpo Lake from April to November in 1998 and 2012. Underwater crossam in Gyoungpo Lake was removed in 2004. Thereafter, average salinity of Gyoungpo lake increased from 7.5 ppt in 1998 to 20 ppt in 2012. A total of 99 and 80 species of phytoplankton was observed from the sampled in 1998 and 2012, respectively. The number of common species during the 2 separate years was 40. Transparency, SS, $NO_3-N$ concentration and N/P ratio in 2012 were lower than those in 1998. During the period of water shortage (April, May) of 2012 transparency decreased due to decreased salinity and increased SS and Chl. a. Correlation coefficients between species and community scores of DCA ordination based on data matrix of the phytoplankton revealed larger variation among sampling seasons in 1998 than in 2012. The increase of seawater influx and conversion rates following the removal of the underwater crossbeam might explain such a differential variation. Gymnodium sp., Peridinium sp., Prorocentrum sp., Nitzschia longissima, Schroederia setigera, Lyngbya sp., Asterococcus limneticus, Asterococcus superbus and Cyclotella meneghiniana were found to well adapt at the high salinities in 2012. Comparatively, Asterrionella formosa, Nitzschia frustulum, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Scenedesmus bijuga and Scenedesmus ellipsoideus were observed at lower salinities in 1998. Two quite contrasting phytoplankton communities were found in the two seasons of a year, spring with limited precipitation and summer, the flood season.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted in order to find out the effects of application of combined micronutrients(T$_1$: control. T$_2$; Fe, T$_3$; Fe+Mn, T$_4$； Fe＋Mn＋Cu, T$_{5}$; Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn, T$_{6}$；Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn+Mo, T$_{7}$； Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo+B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover The 2nd part was concerned with the changes in the forage yields and concurrence index. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The effects of combined micronutrient applications on the forage yields were different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed cultures, and additional fertilization(especially N). The effects of them on the forage productivity and botanical composition were more obvious in white clover, especially in mixed culture, than in orchardgrass. By the significant role of B as a regulator, the yields of both forages were best in the T$_{7}$, respectively. 2. In the pure culture, the high yields of both forages were obtained by the T$_{7}$ and T$_2$, whereas the T$_{6}$ and T$_3$resulted in the low yields. The best yields of both forages were obtained by the T$_{7}$ with relatively optimum ratios among the micronutrients as follows; Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn, Fe/Mo, Mo/B, and ∑ cation/∑anion. It was observed the multiple interaction of Fe${\times}$Mn${\times}$Mo${\times}$B, and the significant role of B as a regulator. The effects of them on white clover were more distinct at no additional fertilization than at the additional fertilization(especially N). 3. In mixed culture, the optimum applications of them resulted in the positive increase of yield and botanical composition of white clover, whereas orchardgrass tended to be inversely except the T$_{7}$.X> 7/. 7/.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2001

An optimum seeding date for carrots growing in Jeju was determined. In early growth stage, the number of leaves was more in Hyang-yang #2 cultivar (HY2) than that in the others, meanwhile that of Hukjun 5 chon (H5) and Shinhukjun 5 chon (S5) was higher in the latter half of the growing season. The weight of leaves was greater in HY2 until 2 months after seeding, but thereafter drastically increased and resulted significant difference at harvest in S5. The length of roots was greater in H5 and S5 than in HY2 when seeded on July 17 and measured after September 13, but it was similar in all cultivars when seeded on August 1 and later. The diameter of the roots was greatest in HY2, regardless of seeding dates, meanwhile no difference was found among other cultivars. The weight of roots was greatest in HY2 when seeded on July 17, August 1 or later, meanwhile it was greater in H5 after November, when seeded on August 15. The percentage of roots cracked was 20, 15, and 10% respectively for HY2, S5 and H5. The percentage of roots branched was 0.3% in HY2. The percentage of roots cracked or branched was much higher when seeded on August 1 than on July 17, and was high (40%) in HY2 and S5, compared to H5 when seeded on August 15. The content of sucrose, glucose and fructose increased until 110 days after seeding in all cultivars, but fructose and glucose contents decreased in about 135 days after seeding, but sucrose contents increased continuously even after 135 days. Sucrose content increased and fructose and glucose contents decreased in S5, but this trend was reversed after late November. Sugar contents was different among the cultivars seeded on August 15, while sucrose content decreased and glucose and fructose contents increased with time. The content of ${\beta}$-carotene was more than 12,000 IU in all cultivars, but decreased in 170 days after seeded on July 17. The content was highest in HY2 and followed by S5 and H5 in order. It was not different among the cultivars in 170 days after seeding on August 1, but was higher in S5 than the other cultivars in 170 days after seeded on late and decreased with seeding date.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.435-444
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• 2009

In this study, Paeonia japonica powder was extracted with ethanol, and its antimicrobial activity was investigated. The ethanol extract of the P. japonica had antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zones of the P. japonica ethanol extract (3 mg/disc) against B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus were 10, 11, 8.5 mm, respectively. To test the food preservation effect of P. japonica and determine the optimal ratio of the P. japonica extract in the formulation, Sulgidduk samples were prepared with substitutions of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% P. japonica extract, and the quality characteristics of the samples were then investigated over 4 days of storage. In these experiments, total cell counts tended to decrease as the amount of added P. japonica extract increased. Moisture contents were not significantly different among the Sulgidduk samples. As the content of the P. japonica extract increased, the L-values of the samples decreased and the a- and b- values increased. In regards to the textural characteristics, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the Sulgidduk samples decreased as the amount of P. japonica extract increased; however, they increased with the progression of storage time. Adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness were not significantly different at the different P. japonica extract concentrations and decreased with storage time. In the sensory evaluation, the control group had significantly higher scores for color, flavor and after taste as compared to the P. japonica extract added groups. When the P. japonica extract content was increased, the flavor and overall acceptability decreased, while Bakjakyak flavor, bitterness and off-flavor increased. Softness was not significantly different among the samples. In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting $0.25{\sim}1%$ P. japonica extract in Sulgidduk is optimal for quality and provides a product with reasonably high overall acceptability.