• ALGAE
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2021

The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Tripos furca causes red tides in the waters of many countries. To understand its population dynamics, mortality due to predation as well as growth rate should be assessed. Prior to the present study, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans, Polykrikos kofoidii, Protoperidinium steinii, and mixotrophic dinoflagellate Fragilidium subglobosum were known to ingest T. furca. However, if other common heterotrophic protists are able to feed on T. furca has not been tested. We explored interactions between T. furca and nine heterotrophic dinoflagellates and one naked ciliate. Furthermore, we investigated the abundance of T. furca and common heterotrophic protists in coastal-offshore waters off Yeosu, southern Korea, on Jul 31, 2020, during its red tide. Among the tested heterotrophic protists, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, Luciella masanensis, and Pfiesteria piscicida were able to feed on T. furca. However, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium jinhaense, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Oblea rotunda, Oxyrrhis marina, and the naked ciliate Rimostrombidium sp. were unable to feed on it. However, T. furca did not support the growth of A. glandula, L. masanensis, or P. piscicida. Red tides dominated by T. furca prevailed in the South Sea of Korea from Jun 30 to Sep 5, 2020. The maximum abundance of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the waters off Yeosu on Jul 31, 2020, was as low as 5.0 cells mL-1, and A. glandula, L. masanensis, and P. piscicida were not detected. Furthermore, the abundances of the known predators F. subglobosum, N. scintillans, P. kofoidii, and Protoperidinium spp. were very low or negligible. Therefore, no or low abundance of effective predators might be partially responsible for the long duration of the T. furca red tides in the South Sea of Korea in 2020.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.401-410
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• 2007

국내에서 해양원생동물의 연구는 1990년대 초반에 본격적으로 시작되어 주로 원생동물의 분포와 섭식 등에 관한 연구가 진행되어왔다. 본 논문에서는 마산만 표영 환경에서의 박테리아와 원생동물의 분포, 박테리아와 원생동물의 상호작용과 원생동물과 식물플랑크톤의 상호작용의 특성에 대해 알아보고 앞으로의 연구방향에 대해 토의하였다. 마산만에서 종속영양 미소편모류의 현존량은 평균 $1.2{\times}10^3\;cells\;mL^{-1}$, 종속영양 와편모류는 평균 $7.9{\times}10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$, 섬모충류는 평균 $4.0{\times}10^4\;cells\;L^{-1}$로 나타났으며 전반적으로 엽록소-a 농도, 박테리아와 원생동물의 현존량은 유기물 유입이 많은 내만 정점에서 높게 나타났다. 종속영양 미소편모류는 박테리아 이차생산의 약 69%를 제거하는 것으로 나타나 박테리아 생물량을 조절할 것으로 판단되며 소형부유동물은 미소조류 및 박테리아와 양의 상관관계를 보였고 식물플랑크톤에 대한 섭식율(평균 24%)로 인해 이들 생물군집들에게 영향을 주었을 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 마산만에서 원생동물은 박테리아와 미소조류의 성장을 조절하고 이들의 생물량을 상위영양단계로 직접 전달하는 것으로 사료된다. 특히 종속영양 미소편모류는 마산만에서 박테리아의 주 포식자일 것으로 추정된다. 또한 마산만은 후생동물 먹이망보다 미세생물 먹이망이 상당히 잘 발달된 곳으로 추정된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.289-301
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• 2008

Community structure of heterotrophic protists and their grazing impact on phytoplankton were studied in Northwest Pacific Ocean during October, 2007. The study area was divided into four regions based on physical properties (temperature and salinity) and chlorophyll-a distribution. They were Region I of North Equatorial Currents, Region II of Kuroshio waters, Region III of shelf mixed water, and Region IV of Tsushima warm current from East China Sea. The distribution of chlorophyll-a concentrations and community structure of heterotrophic protists were significantly affected by physical properties of the water column. The lowest concentration of chlorophyll-a was identified in Region I and II, where pico-sized chlorophyll-a was most dominant (>80% of total chlorophyll-a). Biomass of heterotrophic protists was also low in Region I and II. However, Region III was characterized by low salinity and temperature and high chlorophyll-a concentration, with relatively lower pico-sized chlorophyll-a dominance. The Highest biomass of heterotrophic protists appeared in Region III, along with the relatively less important nanoprotists. In Region I, II and IV, heterotrophic dinoflagellates were dominant among the protists, while ciliates were dominant in Region III. Community structure varied with physical(salinity and temperature) and biological (chlorophyll-a) properties. Biomass of heterotrophic protists correlated well with chlorophyll-a concentration in the study area ($r^2=0.66$, p<0.0001). The potential effect of grazing activity on phytoplankton is relatively high in Region I and II. Our result suggest that biomass and size structure of heterotrophic protists might be significantly influenced by phytoplankton size and concentration.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.607-615
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• 2010

We investigated the temporal variations of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (hereafter HDNF) and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (hereafter PDNF) from 14 June to 4 September 2003 at a single station in Jangmok Bay. We took water samples 47 times from 2 depths (surface and bottom layers) at hide tide. A total of 63 species were encountered and in general the most abundant genera were Prorocentrum and Protoperidinium. The abundance of PDNF and HDNF was in the range of $0.04{\sim}55.8{\times}10^4$ cells/L and in the range of $0.01{\sim}4.35{\times}10^4$ cells/L, respectively. The mean abundance of PDNF was approximately 7 times higher than that of HDNF, and was higher in the surface layer where has enough irradiance for photosynthesis than in the bottom layer. The total dinoflagellate abundance was higher in the NLP (nitrogen limitation period) than in the SLP (silicate limitation period), and the abundance in the hypoxic conditions was similar to that in the normal conditions. The Shannon-Weaver species diversity index were slightly higher in the bottom layer, the SLP and the hypoxic conditions. The PDNF abundance were correlated with temperature, DO, total inorganic nitrogen and phosphate in the whole water column, and the HDNF abundance was significantly correlated with temperature, salinity and DO. This study shows that the dinoflagellate abundance might be affected by abiotic factors such as irradiance, temperature, salinity, DO and the concentrations of inorganic nutrients, and provides baseline information for further studies on plankton dynamics in Jangmok Bay.

• ALGAE
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.285-308
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• 2017

Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides have caused great economic losses in the aquaculture industry in many countries. To investigate the roles of metazooplankton in red tide dynamics of C. polykrikoides in the South Sea of Korea, the abundance of metazooplankton was measured at 60 stations over 1- or 2-week intervals from May to November 2014. In addition, the grazing impacts of dominant metazooplankton on red tide species and their potential heterotrophic protistan grazers were estimated by combining field data on the abundance of red tide species, heterotrophic protist grazers, and dominant metazooplankton with data obtained from the literature concerning ingestion rates of the grazers on red tide species and heterotrophic protists. The mean abundance of total metazooplankton at each sampling time during the study was 297-1,119 individuals $m^{-3}$. The abundance of total metazooplankton was significantly positively correlated with that of phototrophic dinoflagellates (p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with water temperature, salinity, and the abundance of diatoms, euglenophytes, cryptophytes, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, tintinnid ciliates, and naked ciliates (p > 0.1). Thus, dinoflagellate red tides may support high abundance of total metazooplankton. Copepods dominated metazooplankton assemblages at all sampling times except from Jul 11 to Aug 6 when cladocerans and hydrozoans dominated. The calculated maximum grazing coefficients attributable to calanoid copepods on C. polykrikoides and Prorocentrum spp. were 0.018 and $0.029d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, calanoid copepods may not control populations of C. polykrikoides or Prorocentrum spp. Furthermore, the maximum grazing coefficients attributable to calanoid copepods on the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Polykrikos spp. and Gyrodinium spp., which were grazers on C. polykrikoides and Prorocentrum spp., respectively, were 0.008 and $0.047d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, calanoid copepods may not reduce grazing impact by these heterotrophic dinoflagellate grazers on populations of the red tide dinoflagellates.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2002

We investigated the abundance and biomass of dinoflagellates and factors controlling their abundance in marine planktonic ecosystems in Korean coastal waters. The abundance of photosynthetic (PDNF) and heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDNF) was in the range of 0.7${\times}$10$^2$ cells/1-14.0${\times}$10$^6$ cells/1 and in the range of 3.0${\times}$10$^2$ cells/1-6.47${\times}$10$^5$ cells/I, respectively. Their biomass was 0.5${\times}$10$^{-1}$-2.56${\times}$10$^4$ ${\mu}gC/I$ and 2.0${\times}$10$^{-1}$-1.5${\times}$10$^{2}$ ${\mu}gC/I$, respectively. In order to find factors controlling their abundance, stepwise regression and best subsets regression analyses were used. We found that during the summer the most important factors controlling PDNF abundance are DO, P, N and S (abiotic factors), and for HDNF, the abundance of zooplankton, ciliates and HF (biotic factors), and that high turbidity may effect the distribution of dinoflagellate species.

• ALGAE
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2019

The species in the dinoflagellate order Suessiales have 5-24 latitudinal paraplate series and include many fossil and extant species. There have been a few studies on the ecophysiology of the phototrophic species Biecheleriopsis adriatica, and no study on its predators. Thus, we explored the feeding occurrence by common heterotrophic protists on B. adriatica and the growth and ingestion rates of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina on B. adriatica BATY06 as a function of prey concentration. The common heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, O. marina, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Luciella masanensis, Pfiesteria piscicida, and Oblea rotunda and two naked ciliates Strombidinopsis sp. and Pelagostrobilidium sp. were able to feed on B. adriatica, but the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii was not. However, B. adriatica supported the positive growth of O. marina, but did not support that of G. dominans and O. rotunda. With increasing prey concentrations, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina on B. adriatica increased and became saturated. The maximum growth rate of O. marina on B. adriatica was $0.162d^{-1}$. Furthermore, the maximum ingestion rate of O. marina on B. adriatica was $0.2ng\;C\;predator^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ ($2.0cells\;predator^{-1}\;d^{-1}$). In the order Suessiales, the feeding occurrence by common heterotrophic protists on B. adriatica is similar to that on Effrenium voratum and Biecheleria cincta, but different from that on Yihiella yeosuensis. However, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina on B. adriatica are considerably lower than those on E. voratum and B. cincta, but higher than those on Y. yeosuensis. Therefore, B. adriatica may be less preferred prey for O. marina than E. voratum and B. cincta, but more preferred prey than Y. yeosuensis.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.567-579
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• 2004

2003년 8월동안 중앙 바렌츠해의 23개 정점에서 표층생태계를 대상으로 하여 원생동물 플랑크톤의 공간적 분포와 군집구조에 대하여 조사하였다. 조사수역은 물리-화학, 엽록소-a 농도의 분포특성에 의해 고온 고염의 대서양 수괴의 영향을 받는 수역(수역 I), 저온 저염의 북극수괴의 영향을 받는 수역(수역 III), 두 수괴가 혼합되어 분포하는 수역(수역 II)으로 구분하였다. 조사수역의 엽록소-a 농도는 수역 I에서 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 수역 III에서 낮은 분포를 보였다. 조사기간 동안 원생동물 플랑크톤은 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 종속영양 미소 편모류, 무각 섬모충류와 유종 섬모충류를 포함하는 섬모충류, 무각 와편모류와 유각와편모류로 구성되어 있는 종속영양 와편모류로 구분하였다. 원생동물 생물량은 $11.3{\sim}38.7{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$로 평균 $21.0{\mu}gC\;l^{-1}$로 나타났으며, 원생동물의 군집은 수역에 따라 다른 특성을 보였다. 고온 고염의 수역 I에서는 섬모충류에 의해 50% 이상의 높은 우점율을 보였으며, 저온 저염의 수역 III에서는 종속영양 와편모류에 의해 평균 50%의 우점율을 보였다. 종속영양 미소 편모류는 원생동물 군집에서 적은 그룹으로 나타났으나, 수역 III에서는 10% 이상의 기여율을 보여 다른 수역에 비해 비교적 높은 기여율을 보였다. 섬모충류의 생물량중 무각 섬모충류는 유종 섬모충류에 비해 3배 이상 높은 생물량을 보였으며, 주로 strombidium spp.와 Strobilidium spp.에 의해 높은 생물량이 유지되었다. 종속영양 와편모류중 무각 와편모류는 유각 와편모류에 비해 10배 정도의 높은 생물량이 나타났다. 따라서 조사기간 동안 섬모충류와 종속영양 와편모류는 원생동물의 중요한 부분을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 종속영양 원생동물의 생물량과 엽록소-a 농도 사이에 상관관계 분석 결과 이 두 그룹의 생물량 사이에는 높은 상관관계를 보였다(R=0.82, p<0.0005). 이것은 종속영양 원생동물과 식물플랑크톤 사이에 잠재적 피식-포식자의 관계가 있음을 암시하며, 특히 종속영양 와편모류와 소형식물플랑크톤 사이의 밀접한 관계는 북극해 해양 생태계의 미세생물 먹이망에서 종속영양 원생동물이 일차생산의 중요한 조절 요인이 될 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• ALGAE
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2023

The mortality rate of red-tide dinoflagellates owing to predation is a major parameter that affects their population dynamics. The dinoflagellates Ansanella granifera and Ansanella sp. occasionally cause red tides. To understand the interactions between common heterotrophic protists and A. granifera, we explored the feeding occurrence of nine heterotrophic protists on A. granifera and the growth and ingestion rates of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans on A. granifera as a function of prey concentration and those of Oxyrrhis marina at a single high prey concentration. The heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, G. dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Luciella masanensis, Oblea rotunda, O. marina, Polykrikos kofoidii, and Pfiesteria piscicida and the naked ciliate Strombidium sp. were able to feed on A. granifera. With increasing mean prey concentrations, the growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans feeding on A. granifera rapidly increased and became saturated or slowly increased. The maximum growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans on A. granifera were 0.305 d^-1 and 0.42 ng C predator^-1 d^-1 (3.8 cells predator^-1 d^-1), respectively. Furthermore, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina on A. granifera at 1,700 ng C mL^-1 (15,454 cells mL^-1) were 0.037 d^-1 and 0.19 ng C predator^-1 d^-1 (1.7 cells predator^-1 d^-1), respectively. The growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans and O. marina feeding on A. granifera were almost the lowest among those on the dinoflagellate prey species. Therefore, G. dominans and O. marina may prefer A. granifera less than other dinoflagellate prey species. The low mortality rate of A. granifera may positively affect its bloom formation.

• ALGAE
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.265-281
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• 2023

Hypoxia can indeed impact the survival of protists, which play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. To better understand the protistan community structure and species that can thrive in hypoxic waters, we collected samples from both the surface and bottom waters during the hypoxic period in Jinhae and Masan Bays and the non-hypoxic period in Jinhae Bay. Subsequently, we utilized metabarcoding techniques to identify the protistan species. During hypoxia, with dissolved oxygen concentrations of 0.8 mg L^-1 in Jinhae Bay and 1.8 mg L^-1 in Masan Bay within the bottom waters, the phylum Dinoflagellata exhibited the highest amplicon sequence variants richness among the identified protist phyla. Following the Dinoflagellata, Ochrophyta and Ciliophora also displayed notable presence. In hypoxic waters of Jinhae and Masan Bays, we identified a total of 36 dinoflagellate species that exhibited various trophic modes. These included one autotrophic species, 14 mixotrophic species, 9 phototrophic species with undetermined trophic modes (either autotrophic or mixotrophic), 2 kleptoplastidic species, and 10 heterotrophic species. Furthermore, the hypoxic bottom water exhibited a greater number of heterotrophic dinoflagellate species compared to the non-hypoxic surface water within the same water column or the non-hypoxic bottom water. Therefore, feeding by mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates may be partially responsible for their dominance in terms of the number of species surviving in hypoxic waters. This study not only introduces the initial documentation of 26 dinoflagellate species surviving in hypoxic conditions but also establishes a foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of the ecophysiology of dinoflagellates in hypoxic marine environments.