• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.323-327
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• 2005

The effects of commercial marinades were evaluated for their influence on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation and overall mutagenicity in fried beef steaks. Three different commercial marinades A, B, and C tested individually reduced the total HAA formation in fried beef steaks by 44, 38, and 40%, respectively. Three different commercial marinades were also effective in reducing the overall mutagenicity in fried beef steaks. There was, however, no significant difference in the inhibition achieved with three different commercial marinades. Reduction of overall mutagenicity was related to the decrease in HAA formation in fried beef steaks.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.572-575
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• 2005

The effects of cooking method, cooking time and various food ingredients on the formation/ inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in pork products were investigated. Three HAAs, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoxaline ($MeIQ_x$), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoxaline ($DiMeIQ_x$) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) were measured in pork products using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Pork patties were boiled, oven-broiled and pan-fried to internal temperatures of 71, 77 and $88^{\circ}C$. Generally, HAA concentrations increased with increasing internal temperature, and HAA formation was greatest with pan-fried. Selected food ingredients (vitamin E, sodium nitrite, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium ascorbate, Nanking cherry tissue and cherry tissue extract) inhibited HAA formation in pork patties fried at $225^{\circ}C$ for 10 min/side, with the greater inhibition provided by cherry tissue and its methanolic extract.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.576-579
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• 2007

The effects of temperature and Korean bramble (Rubus coreanum Miquel) tissue concentrate on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation in fried ground beef patties were investigated. Various amounts of Korean bramble tissue (4.0, 7.0, and 11.0%, w/w) were added to ground beef patties were fried at 2 different temperatures (190 and $225^{\circ}C$) for 10 min/side. It was observed in the fried ground beef patties fried at $190^{\circ}C$ with the addition of 11.0%(w/w) Korean bramble that the mutagenicity decreased by 64%, and formation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-I-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine(PhIP) reduced by 55 and 86%, respectively. Although no difference in total mutagenicity was shown in patties fried at $225^{\circ}C$ with the addition of 4.0, 7.0, and 11.0%(w/w), different levels of reduction of PhIP formation in patties fried at $225^{\circ}C$ with the addition of 4.0, 7.0, and 11.0%(w/w) were shown 49, 63, and 75%, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1285-1290
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• 2002

Various nitrobenzaldehydes were simultaneously allylated and reduced using indium in the presence of HCl in aqueous media to give compounds having both functionality of homoallylic alcohol and aromatic amine. Sequential protection of the amino gro up and oxidation of the anilinyl homoallylic alcohol provided useful precursors of heterocyclic compounds such as dihydroindolones and dihydroquinolones, which could be efficiently synthesized through intramolecular cyclization reaction.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.389-393
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• 2008

양파를 첨가하여 가열 조리한 햄버거 패티의 HCAs 형성과 돌연변이원성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 가열조리 전 햄버거 패티에 양파(2.0, 5.0, 10.0%, w/w)를 첨가한 후 $190^{\circ}C$(프라이팬 표면온도)에서 조리한 경우 MeIQx 형성이 23.3-58.0% 억제되었고 PhIP는 38.9-63.0% 억제되었다. 반면 표면온도를 $225^{\circ}C$로 증가시켜 HCAs 형성억제효과를 측정한 결과 MeIQx는 31.8-44.6%, DiMeIQx는 24.1-39.1%, PhIP는 50.3-70.5%의 억제효과를 보였다. 또한 양파 첨가에 따른 항돌연변이 활성을 측정한 결과 $190^{\circ}C$에서는 43.8-51.2%, $225^{\circ}C$에서는 34.9-48.3%의 수준이었으며 양파 첨가량이 증가할수록 높은 항돌연변이 활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 양파에 함유되어 있는 당(glucose, fructose, lactose), flavonoid계 (quercetin 및 그 배당체), thiosulfinate compounds(DADS, DATS, DPDS, DPTS) 등에 의해 Maillard 반응이 억제되었기 때문이며 결과적으로 양파가 HCAs 형성을 억제하고 돌연변이원성을 감소시키는데 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.719-725
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• 2009

헤테로고리 아민은 높은 돌연변이성과 발암 가능성을 가진 물질로, 단백질이 높게 함유된 식품의 가열 중 발생한다. 본 실험에서는 $220^{\circ}C$에서 양면을 10분씩 가열 조리한 쇠고기 패티를 microwave를 이용하여 예열처리를 하였을 때 나타나는 HCAs의 생성량에 대한 영향을 분석하였다. 헤테로고리 화합물의 분석을 위해 전처리 과정에서 solidphase extraction 방법을 이용하였고, LC/MS로 정량과 정성분석을 하였다. 시료에서는 9개의 HCAs(Trp-P-2, Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, Norharman, Harman, $A{\alpha}C$, MeIQx, PhIP)가 검출되었으며 이 중 Norharman, Harman, PhIP가 상대적으로 높은 함량이었다. 1분 동안의 microwave 예열 처리는 검출된 대부분의 HCAs 생성을 무처리 대조군에 비해 90% 이상 감소시켰다. Amino-carbolines류의 HCAs 경우, 1분의 microwave preheating 처리가 가장 효과적이었고 PhIP가 대부분의 함량을 차지하는 amino-imidazoazaarens류는 microwave preheating 시간이 증가할수록 뛰어난 HCAs 감소효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2004

In mammalian, cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is very important for metabolism of xenobiotics such as PAHs(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and heterocyclic amine, and it is induced by environmental contaminants such as PAHs, TCDD(2,3,7,8-tetrchlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and 3-MC (3-methylcholanthrene). In fish, like mammalian, when it is exposed to environmental contaminants, they cause specific and sensitive induction of CYP1A. Therefore, induction of CYP1A in fish and mammalian is widely used as a biomarker for exposure of environmental contaminants. In this study, to compare the function of Cyp1a1 in fish with it in mammalian, we have used rainbow trout(Oncorhynchys mykiss) hepatoma cells (RTH-149) and mouse hepatocyte (Hepa-I). in order to examine induction of Cyp1a1 by TCDD, we have used the bioassay system. We examined effects of TCDD on the Cyp1a1-luciferase reporter gene activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase(EROD) activity and Cypa mRNA level.

• 식품기술
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.26-38
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• 1999

조리가공 중 생성되는 주요 발암성 이환방향족아민(heterocyclic aromatic amine)인 Trp-P-1 및 Trp-P-2가 human 및 rat keratinocytes에 대해 나타내는 세포 독성을 colony expansion법의 의해 조사, 비교하였다. 특히 Trp-P-2는 human keratinocytes에 대해서는 독성을 나타내지 않은데 반해 rat keratinocytes(계대수 2-5)에 대해서는 독성을 나타내는 선택성을 나타내었다. 이러한 Trp-P-2의 종(species)간 독성감수성 차이가 대사 효소계 활성이나 mutagenic activation상의 차이에 기인되는지를 살펴본 결과, CYP4501As 및 독성감수성 차이가 크게 나타났던 human 및 rat keratinocytes의 microsome에서 거의 같았다. 이와 같은 결과는 CYP4501A1 및 CYP1B1의 mRNA의 발현정도를 northernblot에 의해 살펴보았던 결과에서도 일치하였다. 반면 Trp-P-2의 대사활성화 및 해독화에 관여하는 효소인 N.O-acetyltransferase(NAT)활성은 rat keratinocytes보다 human keratinocytes에서 높았다. 일반적으로 독성물질의 해독화에 관여하는 glutathione S-transferase(GST) 또한 rat keratinocytes보다 human keratinocytes에서 높게 나타났다. Trp-P-2가 mutagenic metabolite로 활성화되는 정도를 salmonella microsome microsuspension assay로 살펴본 결과, 독성 감수성 차이가 크게 나타났던 human 및 rat keratinocytes간의 활성은 비슷한 것으로 나타났다. DNA 및 단백질 adduct형성능의 경우, human 및 rat keratinocytes간 DNA adduct형성능에는 차이가 없었고, 단백질 adduct형성능의 경우만 Trp-P-2에 대한 독성감수성 정도가 컸던 rat keratinocytes가 다른 세포들에 비해 크게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, CYP1A- 또는 CYP1B1-관련 마이크로솜 효소활성이나 mutagenic activation은 human 및 rat keratinocytes간에 나타났던 독성 감수성의 차이를 설명할 수 없으며, 해독화에 관여하는 효소활성이 종간 관찰되었던 독성 감수성의 차이에 더 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.251-259
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• 2011

Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) is known to be carcinogenic compound. CSC contains many organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic amine compounds (HCAs). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also generated and induce oxidative DNA damage during the metabolism of CSC. The rat microsome mediated and DNA repair enzyme treated comet assays together with conventional comet assay were performed to evaluate the mechanisms of CSC genotoxicity. The organic extract of CSC induced oxidative and microsome mediated DNA damage. Vitamin C as a model antioxidant reduced DNA damage in endonuclease III treated comet assay. One of flavonoid, galangin as a CYP1A1 inhibitor, reduced DNA damage in the presence of S-9 mixture. The ethanol extracts of the mixed vegetables (BV) or the mixed fruits (BF) showed potent inhibitory effects against CSC induced DNA damage with oxidative DNA lesions and in the prescence of S-9 mixture. These results indicate that BV and BF could prevent CSC-induced cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 in mammalian cells.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2004

In mammalian, cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is very important for metabolism of xenobiotics such as PAHs(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and heterocyclic amine, and it is induced by environmental contaminants such as PAHs, TCDD(2,3,7,8-tetrchlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and 3-MC (3-methylcholanthrene). In fish, like mammalian, when it is exposed to environmental contaminants, they cause specific and sensitive induction of CYP1A. Therefore, induction of CYP1A in fish and mammalian is widely used as a biomarker for exposure of environmental contaminants. In this study, to compare the function of Cyp1a1 in fish with it in mammalian, we have used rainbow trout(Oncorhynchys mykiss) hepatoma cells (RTH-149) and mouse hepatocyte (Hepa-I). in order to examine induction of Cyp1a1 by TCDD, we have used the bioassay system. We examined effects of TCDD on the Cyp1a1-luciferase reporter gene activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase(EROD) activity and Cypa mRNA level.