• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.335-342
• /
• 2010

Sulforaphane (SFN) and total phenolics (TPC) contents and antioxidant activity (AA) were analyzed from 13 radish genotypes (Rhaphanus sativus L.), cultivated at 3 locations with different altitudes (Gangneung: asl 5 m, Jinbu: asl 550 m, and Daegwallyeong: asl 750 m). SFN varied greatly from 0.1 to $120.5{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ in dry weight test and was significantly affected by location ($P{\leq}0.001$), genotype ($P{\leq}0.001$) and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction ($P{\leq}0.01$). Radishes, cultivated at Daegwallyeong site, showed higher SFN than those of other locations. Among different genotypes, the root of 'Black radish' and leaves of 'Purunmu' of Daegwallyeong had the highest SFN (107.8 and $120.5{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively). TPC in root was affected by genotype ($P{\leq}0.001$), and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction ($P{\leq}0.01$), but not by location. In leaves, TPC was affected by location ($P{\leq}0.01$), genotype ($P{\leq}0.001$), and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction ($P{\leq}0.001$). AA expressed as electron donating ability was significantly influenced by location, genotype and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction and correlated positively with TPC ($Pearson's$ $r$=0.897) in root. These results suggest that radish could be a good source of functional food and high altitude location such as Daegwallyeong has potential for the production of radish with high content of health promoting factors.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.353-362
• /
• 2010

The contents of functional and nutritional components of 13 cultivars of Chinese cabbage (CC, $Brassica$ $rapa$ subspecies $campestris$) were analyzed to compare the effects of soil pH of the greenhouse (pH 6.2) and outdoor (pH 7.6). The CC cultivated on pH 6.2 (CC-6.2) soil contained significantly increased amounts (2-9 fold) of pectin, crude protein, vitamin C and vitamin E compared to the counterpart (CC-7.6). The contents of ash and the minerals (Ca, Fe, Na, and Mn) were also significantly increased in CC-6.2. However, CC-6.2 contained 40-50% lower contents of reducing sugars, cellulose and crude fat than CC-7.6. CC-7.6 contained more glucosinolates, gluconasturtiin (18.33 vs. $1.16nmol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ wet weight) and gluconapin (145 vs. $2nmol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ wet wt), than CC-6.2. In conclusion, CC-6.2 had an improved texture (high pectin and low cellulose) and nutritional value (high in protein, Ca, Fe, vitamin C, and E), whereas the CC-7.6 had better taste (high in reducing sugars) and anticancer functionality (high in glucosinolates).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.32-37
• /
• 2013

Relationships among climate changes, early frost, and fruit growth were studied during the final month to harvest of late-maturing 'Fuyu' persimmon (Diospyros kaki) to assess the changes in fruit characteristics during this critical period. The heavy frost on Nov. 16 defoliated more than 70% of the leaves, but with little damage on the fruits. However, all the leaves were defoliated by the heavy frost on Nov. 20, and all the fruits were cold-damaged by $-3.3^{\circ}C$ on Nov. 21. Fruit weight increased by 8-25 g per week from Oct. 25 (142 days after full bloom) to Nov. 15, reaching to 250 g, but it decreased by 3-4 g per week after the frost. Hunter a value of fruit skin gradually increased until the last harvest on Nov. 29 with a temporary halt in early Nov. when temperature was high, whereas fruit firmness rapidly decreased after the frost on Nov. 21. Fruit soluble solids were $15.7-16.1^{\circ}Brix$ for the final month. When some branches were covered with non-woven fabrics to avoid direct contact with frost, the fruits on the branches were not visually damaged by the low temperature although 40-60% of their leaves were defoliated on Nov. 16. However, low temperature on Nov. 20 and 21 defoliated all the leaves, causing cold damage on the fruits. There was a highly significant correlation between the fruit diameter and its weight ($R^2$ = 0.73-0.91). So, the regression equations could be used to estimate weight from diameter of the fruits sampled from the branches with the non-woven fabrics. The calculated fruit weight reached to a maximum of 240 g on Nov. 15. Daily increases in fruit weight were 1.1-2.5 g from Oct. 25 to 31, 1.9-3.5 g from Oct. 31 to Nov. 7, and 1.4-1.6 g from Nov. 7 to 12. However, fruit weight decreased by 0.3-1 g per day after the cold damage on Nov. 21. The results indicate that the most appropriate harvest time could be dependent on relationship of fruit growth to climate.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 2008

In Asia Saussurea lappa (SL) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat abdominal pain and tenesmus. Recently, in vitro cell culture studies have shown that SL has anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. To explore its potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects in colon cancer, we examined whether the hexane extract of SL (HESL) could inhibit the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells, and investigated the mechanisms for this effect. The cells were cultured with various concentrations (0-5 ${\mu}g/mL$) of HESL. The results indicated that HESL markedly decreased the numbers of viable HT-29 cells; whereas at the concentration of 5 ${\mu}g/mL$, HESL slightly decreased the viable cell numbers of CCD 1108Sk human skin normal fibroblasts at 72 hr. HESL substantially increased the numbers of cells in the sub G1 phase, and dose-dependently increased apoptotic cell numbers. Western blot analysis of the total cell lysates revealed that HESL increased Bax protein levels, but did not affect Bcl-2 levels. HESL induced the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspases 8, 9, 7, and 3. This study demonstrated that HESL inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells, which may be mediated by its ability to increase Bax levels and activate the caspase pathway. These findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for colon cancer treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.675-686
• /
• 2015

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) needs proper post-harvest treatment to prolong its storage life. This study investigated the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the quality and storage life of asparagus. Fresh-harvested asparagus was treated with 1-MCP ($1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), CEPA($10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and 1-MCP($1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) + CEPA($10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) and compared with an untreated control. The carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) production, ethylene production, and morphological characteristics of the preserved asparagus were observed. The flow-system and the static-type measurement methods for ethylene and $CO_2$ production (respiration rate) were used. Weight loss, respiration rate, degree of freshness, and ethylene production were monitored during storage at $7^{\circ}C$. The results further showed that CEPA (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) treatment had greater effects on $CO_2$ and ethylene production than using the 1-MCP process. The asparagus treated with CEPA or 1-MCP + CEPA had significantly increased the ethylene production rate compared to the control or using only 1-MCP during storage. There were no evident changes in the respiration rate of asparagus under 1-MCP treatment as compared with the control. Using the flow-system, slight differences in the rates of $CO_2$ and ethylene production were noted as compared to using the static type. Findings showed that in using the flow-system, asparagus manifested clearer results as compared with the static type. Weight loss in asparagus was significantly lower in control and 1-MCP treated samples than in those treated with CEPA. Likewise, the $CO_2$ and ethylene production of the CEPA treated samples significantly increased. The 1-MCP treatment reduced the effects of CEPA on weight loss, soluble solids content, and osmolality. The effect was not observed with exogenous ethylene as CEPA treatment had no visible effect as compared to the untreated group. Thus, 1-MCP treatment of asparagus could slightly reduce damage to the quality of asparagus during its distribution where ethylene gas is produced. Therefore, this study suggests that 1-MCP treatment can reduce the damage induced by ethylene gas on asparagus in poor distribution environments.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.349-355
• /
• 2012

In this study, we configured a system which ranks hazardous chemicals to determine their management priorities based on experts' opinions and the existing CRS (chemical ranking and scoring). Aggregate exposure of food, health functional food, oriental/herbal medicine and cosmetics have been taken into account to determine management priority. In this study, 25 hazardous chemicals were selected, such as cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, etc. These 25 materials were ranked according to their 1) risk (exposure or hazard) indexes, 2) exposure source-based weight, and 3) public interests, which were also formed based on the existing priority ranking system. Cadmium was scored the highest (178.5) and bisphenol A the lowest (56.8). Ten materials -- cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, tar, acrylamide, benzopyrene, aluminium, benzene, and PAHs -- scored higher than 100. Eight materials -- aflatoxin, manganese, phthalate, chromium, nitrate/nitrite, ethylcarbamate, formaldehyde, and copper -- recorded scores in the range from 70 to 100. Also evaluated as potential risks were 7 materials; sulfur dioxide, ochratoxin, dioxins, PCBs, fumonisin, methyl mercury, and bisphenol A, and these materials were scored above 50. Then we compared risk index and correlation coefficient of total scores to confirm the validity of the total scores; we analyzed correlation coefficient of parameter and indicator. We discovered that the total score and weight, which has incorporated public interests, were high and statistically significant. In conclusion, the result of this study contributes to strengthening risk assessment and risk management of hazardous chemicals.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2013

In this study, rice wine cakes (Jubak) was produced using with Astragali memvranaceus with excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic effects and produced. This Jubak was applied to improve the cookies of modern taste and well-being products. The cookies according to the different ratio (added 0-1.0%) of Astragali memvranaceus and investigated the physicochemical characteristics, sensory evaluation, DPPH free radical scavenging activities, polyphenol and flavonoid contents. There were little changes in pH and density. The hardness of all treated cookies increased with Astragali memvranaceus Jubak(AJ) containing of different moisture contents. In color, L and a values of most cases increased in most of the treatments, but b value was reduced. In the sensory evaluation, the flavor and total scores showed the highest in 0.5% AJ cookies. But the higher proportion of AJ cookies that had unique flavors and tastes, so the total acceptance score decreased. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased in the higher proportion of AJ. In DPPH free radical scavenging activities, the control (no Jubak added) was 44%, and containing of 1% AJ cookies showed 82%. In conclusion, our study suggests that 0.5% in addition of AJ increased positive attributes and functional to cookies.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 2006

Background: Luteolin, a flavone found in various Chinese herbal medicines is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties through its ability to inhibit various proinflammatory signaling pathways including NF-${\kappa}B$ and p38 MAPK. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of luteolin on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Materials and Methods: We used a transgenic mouse model expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional control of NF-${\kappa}B$ $cis$-elements. C57BL/6 NF-${\kappa}B^{EGFP}$ mice received 2.5% DSS in their drinking water for six days in combination with daily luteolin administration (1mg/kg body weight, 0.1ml vol, intragastric) or vehicle. NF-${\kappa}B$ activity was assessed macroscopically with a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera and microscopically by confocal analysis. Results: A significant increase in the Disease Activity Index (DAI), histological score (p<0.05), IL-12 p40 secretion in colonic stripe culture (p<0.05) and EGFP expression was observed in luteolin and/or DSS-treated mice compared to water-treated mice. Interestingly, a trend toward a worse colitis (DAI, IL-12p40) was observed in luteolin-treated mice compared to non-treated DSS-exposed mice. In addition, EGFP expression (NF-${\kappa}B$ activity) strongly increased in the luteolin-treated mice compared to control mice. Confocal microscopy showed that EGFP positive cells were primarily lamina propria immune cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that luteolin is not a therapeutic alternative for intestinal inflammatory disorders derived for primary defects in barrier function. Thus, therapeutic intervention targeting these signaling pathways should be viewed with caution.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.91-103
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and cheap bioassay of four lignans (schisandrin, schisandrin C, the gomisin A and gomisin N) isolated from Schizandra chinensis Baill on seed germination and seedling growth of the radish. Its structure was determined by analysis of MS and NMR spectroscopic data. Radish seeds immersed for 1 hr in the solutions of $10^{-5}M$, $10^{-6}M$ and $10^{-7}M$ of schisandrin, schisandrin C, gomisin A, and gomisin N, seed germination was observed with in 60 hr after all of the treatments. Also, the seeds were germinated faster compared to untreated controls. At early germination stage, 48 hr after the treatment of the lignans, the suppression of germination was observed from all treatments; the suppression due to schisandrin and gomisin A was the highest at the concentration of $10^{-6}M$. The level of suppression increased as the concentration increased in the treatment of schisandrin C and gomisin N. Percent germination of seed after 184 hr was increased 90% at all treatments. For the effects of lignan treatment on seedling growth in radish, the growth of hypocotyl was promoted by gomisin A and gomisin N at all concentrations. Root elongation was significantly promoted by schisandrin and gomisin N at $10^{-5}M$ and $10^{-6}M$, respectively. Fresh and dry weights of the seedlings were high at a low concentration of $10^{-7}M$, but significantly reduced by schisandrin C at a high concentration of $10^{-5}M$. The results of the germination activity and seedling growth of the lignans from S. chinensis suggest their potential use as natural growth regulators.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2010

This experiment was designated to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with various concentrations of oriental herbal natural extract, Galla Rhois (GR), on growth performance and meat quality on broiler chickens. A total of 80 two-day-old broiler chicks were randomly designated to four groups, GR 0% diet (control), GR 0.10%, 0.25%, and 0.50%-treated diet, composed 20 chicks and fed a standard diet supplemented with GR and monitored the growth performance every 5 days during 30 days. Body weight gain (BWG) in all treated groups was increased compared to control group during overall period, showing significant (P<0.05) increase in GR 0.25% and 0.50% independent on concentration, though all group represented a similar level of feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR). In analysis of the crude proteins and fatty acid composition in leg and breast meats in control, GR 0.10% and GR 0.50%, there was no significant difference for crude proteins and fatty acid composition in leg meats among 3 groups. Whereas the crude proteins and fatty acid composition in breast meat in GR 0.50% showed significantly higher than those of control (P<0.05). Furthermore, the composition of a-linoleic acid (C18:3n-3) and conjugated linoleic acid, which are known as anticancer and antioxidative fatty acids, are higher than those of control. These results demonstrate that Galla Rhois appears to improve growth performance, feed efficiency and meat quality on broiler chickens, focusing on potential use as a dietary supplement.