• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.731-744
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• 2007

A method for dynamic analysis and design calculation of a Powertrain Mounting System(PMS) including Hydraulic Engine Mounts(HEM) is developed with the aim of controlling powertrain motion and reducing low-frequency vibration in pitch and bounce modes. Here the pitch mode of the powertrain is defined as the mode rotating around the crankshaft of an engine for a transversely mounted powertrain. The powertrain is modeled as a rigid body connected to rigid ground by rubber mounts and/or HEMs. A mount is simplified as a three-dimensional spring with damping elements in its Local Coordinate System(LCS). The relation between force and displacement of each mount in its LCS is usually nonlinear and is simplified as piecewise linear in five ranges in this paper. An equation for estimating displacements of the powertrain center of gravity(C.G.) under static or quasi-static load is developed using Newton's second law, and an iterative algorithm is presented to calculate the displacements. Also an equation for analyzing the dynamic response of the powertrain under ground and engine shake excitations is derived using Newton's second law. Formulae for calculating reaction forces and displacements at each mount are presented. A generic PMS with four rubber mounts or two rubber mounts and two HEMs are used to validate the dynamic analysis and design calculation methods. Calculated displacements of the powertrain C.G. under static or quasi-static loads show that a powertrain motion can meet the displacement limits by properly selecting the stiffness and coordinates of the tuning points of each mount in its LCS using the calculation methods developed in this paper. Simulation results of the dynamic responses of a powertrain C.G. and the reaction forces at mounts demonstrate that resonance peaks can be reduced effectively with HEMs designed on the basis of the proposed methods.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2005

Objectives : Electroacupuncture (EA)-induced analgesia has been known to be mediated through the activation of opioid, noradrenergic and serotonergic receptors. However, little study on serotonergic mechanism has been performed in an animal model of chronic pain. The present study was designed to elucidate the type of serotonergic receptors responsible for EA analgesia in the chronic pain model. Methods : In rats with complete Freund's: adjuvant-induced inflammation and spinal nerve injury, spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) cell responses to graded electrical stimulation of afferent C fiber were recorded before and after spinal application of selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor antagonists. EA stimulation (2Hz, 0.5msec, 3mA) was applied to the contralateral Zusanli point for 30 min. Results : In both models of chronic pain, WDR cell responses were greatly inhibited after EA stimulation. EA-induced inhibition of WDR celt responses was significantly attenuated by spinal application of non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist, dihydroergocristine Of 5-HT receptor antagonists tested, 5-HT1A (WAY 100635) and 5-HT2 (LY53857) receptor antagonists strongly reduced an ability of EA stimulation to inhibit WDR cell responses. However, 5-HT1B (GR55562) and 5-HT3 (LY278584) receptor antagonists also had weak but significant blocking action on EA-induced inhibitory effect on chronic pain. Conclusions : Dorsal hem cell responses, afferent C fiber stimulation, chronic pain, electroacupuncture, serotonergic receptors.

• 복식
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• 제62권7호
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• pp.205-219
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to develop comfortable patient gown for spinal surgery patients. The results of the survey confirmed inconveniences and problems with the current gown, and a new gown style was recommended. The recommended changes addressed design, pattern, and materials. The final experimental design for the top of the new patient gown is a wrap style that moves the center opening of the gown to the side and enables patients to control the length of the sleeves by attaching two snaps. The cutting line is aligned with the back brace location, and the issue of repeated bunching of the gown material by the brace was solved by substituting 100% knitted structure fiber. The sleeve length can be adjusted with snaps on the sleeve cap and hem. When lifting up the gown for treatment on specific areas of the body, doctors open the edge of the right side of the gown in order to lift up the top. The bottom of the new patient gown was made from 100% cotton knitted structure fiber, and it enables patients to control the length of pants by attaching two snaps on the side. The results of an on-site dressing suitability evaluation and a flexibility evaluation with respect to dressing/undressing indicated that the new patient gown was much better received than the existing gowns (A and B). Our hypothesis regarding new patient gowns was supported in both the fit and design categories.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.565-571
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• 2005

본 연구는 품질특성과 기능성이 우수한 고추장을 제조하기 위해서, 고춧가루, 찹쌀, 메주, 엿기름, 소금, 물과 3종류의 한약재(당귀,목통,골담초)의 물추출물을 첨가하여 재래식 방법으로 한방고추장을 제조한 후, $5^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$에서 90일간 저장하면서 고추장의 품질특성을 수분함량, 색도, 관능검사로서 조사하였다. 고추장의 수분함량은 저장 초기에 $33\~38\%$였으며 저장기간이 길어질수록 증가하여 저장 90일후에는 $48\~51\%$까지 증가하였다. 고추장의 색도는 명도(L), 적색도(a), 황색도(a) 모두 저장기간의 경과에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 $20^{\circ}C$에 저장한 경우가 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장한 경우보다 감소의 폭이 컸다. 고추장의 명도는 $5^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$ 모두 대조군과 한약재 첨가군 간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 적색도는 $20^{\circ}C$에 저장했을때 목통과 골담초 첨가 고추장이 유의적으로 낮았으며 황색도는 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장한 골담초 첨가 고추장이 대조군보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 한방고추장의 관능검사 결과, $5^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$ 모두 90일간 저장한 고추장이 60일간 저장한 경우보다 기호도가 높았으며 한약재 첨가군이 대조군보다 기호도가 높은 편이었고 특히 목통을 첨가한 고추장이 색상, 단맛, 종합평가에서 유의적으로 높은 기호도를 나타내었다(p<0.05).

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

'NIST framework and road map for smart grid interoperability standards' 기술 보고서는 스마트 그리드의 발전 방향, 표준의 상호운용성을 확보하는 아키텍처 프레임워크를 제시하고, 식별된 표준 리스트, 사이버 보안 전략, 시험 인증 프레임 워크를 제공하는 문서이다. 특히, 스마트 그리드의 표준 프로토콜인 SEP 2.0과 OpenADR 2.0이 그 예이다. SEP 2.0과 OpenADR 2.0은 기능적으로 HEMS와 스마트 그리드를 이어주는 역할을 할 수 있지만, 두 프로토콜 간에 상호운용 표준은 상기 문서에서 계획된 바가 없다. 또한, OpenADR 연합에서는 OpenADR 2.0과 SEP 2.0간의 상호운용을 위한 매핑 테이블을 정의하는 작업이 진행 중이라 발표했지만, 아직 공개한 정보는 없다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 신재생 에너지 효율 개선 HEMS 개발에 있어 ICT 전력 융합을 위한 SEP 2.0과 OpenADR 2.0b간의 상호운용을 각 프로토콜의 표준 사양 문서 기반의 구문과 의미로 대응하는 매핑 모델을 제안 하고 수요 반응 서비스 시나리오 기반의 의미 매핑 기능 예제를 통해 이를 확인하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2002

Disodium disulphite, the HPV chemical, was assigned to Korea in order to implement OECD SIDS program in 1999. It was produced about 3,200 ton/year in 1998. This report evaluates the toxic potency of disodium disulphite based on the environmental and mammalian effects as well as human exposure. Oral $LD_{50}$ in rats is 1,540 mg/kg b.w. and effects was observed to the stomach, liver and the GI track that was filled with blood. For repeated dose toxicity, the predominant effect was the induction of stomach lesion due to local irritation. The no observed adverse effect lever for local (stomach irritation) was about 217 mg/kg bw/day. There is no evidence that disodium disulphite is genotoxic in vivo. No reproductive or developmental toxicty of disodium disulphite was observed for the period up to 2 yr and over three generation. In humans, urticaria and asthma with itching, edema, rhinitis, and nasal congestion were reported. Disodium disulphite is unlikely to induce respiratory sensitization but may enhance symptom of asthma in sensitive individuals. This chemical would be mainly transported to water compartment when released to environmental compartments since it is highly water soluble (470 g/l at 20). Low K oc (2.447) indicates disodium disulphite is so mobile in soil that it may not stay in the terrestrial compartment. The chemical has been tested in a limited number of aquatic species. hem acute toxicity test to fish, 96 hr-$LC_{50}$ was > 100 mg/1. For algae, 72 hr-$XC_{50}$ was 48.1 mg/1. For daphnid, the acute toxicity value of 48 hr-$EC_{50}$ was 88.76 mg/1, and chronic value of 21day-NOEC was > 10 mg/1. Therefore, PNEC of 0.1 mg/l for the aquatic organism was obtained from the chronic value of daphnid using the assessment factor of 100. Based on these data the disodium disulphite was recommended as low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.