• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.217-225
• /
• 2015

Local heating system providing hot air locally to growing parts including shoot apex and flower cluster which were temperature-sensitive organs of cherry tomato was developed to reduce energy consumption for greenhouse heating without decline of crop growth. Growing part following local heating system was composed of double duct distributer which connected inner and outer ducts with hot air heater and winder which moved ducts up and down following growing parts with plant growth. Growing part local heating system was compared with conventional bottom duct heating system with respect to distributions of air and leaf surface temperatures according to height, growth characteristics and energy consumption. By growing part local heating, air temperature around growing part was maintained $0.9{\sim}2.0^{\circ}C$ higher than that of lower part of crop and leaf surface temperature was also stratified according to height. Investigations on crop growth characteristics and crop yield showed no statistically significant difference except for plant height between bottom duct heating and growing part local heating. As a result, the growing part local heating system consumed 23.7% less heating energy than the bottom duct heating system without decrease of crop yield.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.60-67
• /
• 1999

Insecticidal activities of imidacloprid to sucking type insect pests, brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and peen peach aphid (GPA Myzus persicae), to chewing type insect pests, tobacco cut worm (TCW; Spodoptera litura) and beet armyworm (BAW, Spodoptera exigua) and to spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, Pachygnata clercki and Ummeliata insecticeps, as natural enemies were investigated by several bioassay methods. $LD_{50}$ of the chemical by topical treatment to BPH was 0.015 ${\mu}g/g$(48 hrs), while $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping and root zone treatment were 18.1 and 21.5 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in insecticidal activities between leaf dipping and root zone treatment. Imidacloprid also showed ovicidal effect of root zone treatment and its $LC_{50}$ was 6.8ppm $LD_{50}$ (48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to GPA was $0.4{\mu}g/g$ in case of topical application and $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping and root zone treatment were 1.9 ppm and 13.7 ppm respectively. Leaf dipping was more effective than root zone treatment in GPA At topical application $LD_{50}$ (48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to chewing type insect pests, TCW and BAW, were greater than 1,492 and $312{\mu}g/g$ and $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping method were 4,803 and Heater than 5,000ppm respectively. This means that imidacloprid has much less effect on chewing type insect pests, TCW and BAW. $LD_{50}$(48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to wandering spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, Pachygnata clercki at topical application were greater dan $2941{\mu}g/g$ and greater than $2,976{\mu}g/g$ respectively and that to webbing spider, Ummeliata insecticeps, was 357 ${\mu}g/g$. Imidacloprid showed very low toxicity to the spiders and its selective toxicity ratios between spiders and BPH were greater than 19,600, greater than 19,800 and 23,800, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.351-361
• /
• 2007

The samples composed of a GST thin film and the protective layers of $ZnS-SiO_2$ or $Al_2O_3$ coated on c-Si substrate were prepared by using the magnetron sputtering method. Samples of three different structures were prepared, that is, i) the GST single film on c-Si substrate, ii) the GST film sandwiched by the protective $ZnS-SiO_2$ layers on c-Si substrate, and iii) the GST film sandwiched by $Al_2O_3$ protective layers on c-Si substrate. The ellipsometric constants in the temperature range from room temperature to $700^{\circ}C$ were obtained by using the in-situ ellipsometer equipped with a conventional heating chamber. The measured ellipsometric constants show strong variations versus temperature. The variation of ellipsometric constants at the temperature region higher than $300^{\circ}C$ shows different behaviors as the ambient medium is changed from in air to in vacuum or the protective layers are changed from $ZnS-SiO_2$ to $Al_2O_3$. Since the long heating time of 1-2 hours is believed to be the origin of the high temperature variation of ellipsometric constants upon the heating environment and the protective layers, a PRAM (Phase-Change Random Access Memory) recorder is introduced to reduce the heating time drastically. By using the PRAM recorder, the GST samples are heated up to $700^{\circ}C$ decomposed preventing its partial evaporation or chemical reactions with adjacent protective layers. The surface image obtained by SEM and the surface micro-roughness verified by AFM also confirmed that samples prepared by the PRAM recorder have smoother surface than the samples prepared by using the conventional heater.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.499-505
• /
• 2010

In this study, hydrodynamics and reaction characteristic of K-based solid sorbents for $CO_2$ capture were investigated using a continuous system composed of two bubbling fluidized-bed reactors(1.2 m tall bed with 0.11 m i.d.). Potassium-based dry sorbents manufactured by the Korea Electric Power Research Institute were used, which were composed of $K_2CO_3$ of 35% for $CO_2$ absorption and supporters of 65% for mechanical strength. The continuous system consists of two bubbling fluidized-bed reactors, solid injection nozzle, riser, chiller, analyzer and heater for regeneration reaction. The minimum fluidizing velocity of the continuous system was 0.0088 m/s and the solid circulation rate measured was $10.3kg/m^2{\cdot}s$ at 1.05 m/s velocity of the solid injection nozzle. The $CO_2$ concentration of the simulated gas was about 10 vol% in dry basis. Reaction temperature in carbonator and regenerator were maintained about $70^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$, respectively. Differential pressures, which were maintained in carbonator and regenerator, were about $415mmH_2O$ and $350mmH_2O$, respectively. In order to find out reaction characteristics of dry sorbents, several experiments were performed according to various experimental conditions such as $H_2O$ content(7.28~19.66%) in feed gas, velocity (0.053~0.103 m/s) of simulated gas, temperature($60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$) of a carbonator, temperature($150{\sim}200^{\circ}C$) of a regenerator and solid circulation rate($7.0{\sim}10.3kg/m^2{\cdot}s$). The respective data of operating variables were saved and analyzed after maintaining one hour in a stable manner. As a result of continuous operation, $CO_2$ removal tended to increase by increasing $H_2O$ content in feed gas, temperature of a regenerator and solid circulation rate and to decrease by increasing temperature of a carbonator and gas velocity in a carbonator.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2016

Glasshouse heating package technologies to improve energy usage efficiency in winter were developed. Heating package was composed of the ground water source heat pump with heating capacity of 105kW, the aluminum multi-layer thermal curtain with six layers of different materials and the root zone local heater with XL pipes of ${\phi}20mm$. Venlo type glasshouse($461m^2$) with the heating package was compared with the same type and area control glasshouse with the light oil boiler, the usual non-woven fabric thermal curtain with respect to the glasshouse inside temperature, relative humidity, crop growth, and heating energy consumption. The results of test in paprika cultivation glasshouses showed that the air temperature inside glasshouse with aluminum multi-layer thermal curtain was maintained $2.2^{\circ}C$ higher than that of control glasshouse in un-heating night time and the temperature in bed with root zone local heating was $4.7^{\circ}C$ higher than that in bed without local heating. Average heating coefficient of performance(COP) of the ground water source heat pump used in paprika cultivation was 3.7 and the glasshouse inside temperature was maintained at $21^{\circ}C$ of heating set up temperature. The heating energy consumptions per 10a were measured at 14,071L of light oil and 364kWh of electric power for the control glasshouse and 35,082kWh for the glasshouse applied heating package. As results, the heating cost of the glasshouse applied heating package was 87 percent lower than that of control glasshouse. The growths of paprika in glasshouses of control and applied heating package did not show any significant difference.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.41-56
• /
• 1989

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of temperature dependence of the behavior on the physical properties of posterior composite resins. Three light cure posterior composite resins (Heliomolar, Litefil-P, and P-50) and one chemical cure posterior composite resin (Bisfil-II) were used as experimental materials. Composite resin was placed in a cylindrical brass mold (2.5 mm high and 6.5 mm inside diameter) that was rested on a glass plate. Another flat glass was placed on top of the mold, and the plate was tightly clamped together. After the mold had been filled with the light cure composite material, the top surface was cured for 30 seconds with a light source. Chemical cure resin specimens were made in the same manner as above. Three hundreds and twenty composite resin specimens were constructed from the four composite materials. One hundred and sixty specimens of them were placed in a heater at $50^{\circ}C$, $75^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $125^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $175^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes or 10 minutes respectively before compressive strengths were measured. Another one hundred and sixty specimens were tested for the diametral tensile strengths in the same way as above. They were randomly divided into eight groups according to the mode of heating methods as follows and stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Group $37^{\circ}C$ - specimens were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ in distilled water for 24 hours. Group $50^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $50^{\circ}C$ after curing. Group $75^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $75^{\circ}C$ after curing. Group $100^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $100^{\circ}C$ after curing. Group $125^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $125^{\circ}C$ after curing. Group $150^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $150^{\circ}C$ after curing. Group $175^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $175^{\circ}C$ after curing. Group $200^{\circ}C$ - specimens were heated at $200^{\circ}C$ after curing. Twenty specimens of each of four composite resins were respectively made by insertion of materials into same mold for examining the dimensional changes between before and after heating. The final eighty specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours before testing the dimensional changes. Compressive and diametral tensile strengths were measured crosshead speed 1mm/minute and 500Kg in full scale with a mechanical testing machine (DLC 500 Type, Shimadzu Co., Japan). Dimensional changes were determined by measuring the diametral changes of eighty specimens with micrometer (Mitutoyo Co., Japan). Results were as follows: 1. Diametral tensile strengths of specimens in all groups were increased with time heated compared with control group except for that in group $50^{\circ}C$ and the maximum diametral tensile strength was appeared in the specimen of Litefil-P heated for 10 minutes at $100^{\circ}C$. In heliomolar and P-50, it could be seen in the specimen heated for 10 minutes at $150^{\circ}C$, but in Bisfil-II, it could be found in the specimen heated for 5 minutes at $150^{\circ}C$. 2. Compressive strengths of specimens in all groups was tended to be also increased with time heated but that in group $50^{\circ}C$ and the maximum compressive strengths were showed in the same specimens conditioned as the diametral tensile strengths of four composite materials tested. 3. In Heliomolar, Litefil-P, and Bisfil-II, it was decreased in diameters of resin specimens between before heating and increased in diameters of resin specimens after storing in distilled water, but it was not in P-50. 4. There is little difference in diametral tensile strengths, compressive strengths, and dimensional changes followed by heating the resin specimens for 5 minutes and 10 minutes, but there is no statistical significances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.10
• /
• pp.1619-1624
• /
• 2005

The effect of far-infrared (FIR) irradiation on the antioxidant activity of extracts from grape seed (GS) was evaluated. GS (5 g) were placed in Pyrex petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) md FIR irradiated at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30, 40 or 60 min with a FIR heater. After FIR irradiation, water extract (WE) (1.0 g/10 mL), methanol extract (ME) (1.0 g/10 mL) and 70$\%$ ethanol extract (EE) (1.0 g/10 mL) of GS were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of GS extracts increased as FIR irradiation. For example, FIR irradiation of GS at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min increased the TPC and RSA of WE from 0.95 mM to 1.84 mM and 33,87$\%$ to 58.55$\%$, respectively, compared to non-irradiated control. In the case of ME at the same conditions of FIR irradiation (150$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min), the TPC and RSA also increased from 3.4 mM to 4.52 mM and 76.55$\%$ to 89.41$\%$, respectively. The TPC and RSA of EE increased from 2.65 mM to 4.82 mM and 66.89$\%$ to 84.62$\%$, too. According to the GC/MS analysis, several low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds such as vanillic acid and 3,4-hydroxy benzoic acid were newly formed in the EE after FIR irradiated at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. There were slight differences in the kinds of phenolic compounds between EE of non irradiated control and FIR irradiated samples. These results indicated that FIR irradiation onto GS could enhance antioxidant activities of its extracts with increasing the amount of phenolic compounds.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.137-187
• /
• 2005

This thesis study of the medical concept Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is discussed in the Lei Jing Fu Yi (類經附翼), a book authored by Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) a medical doctor during the Chinese Ming (明) dynasty (1368-1683). The meaning of Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is "searching for the rightness." In his book Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) intended to clarify Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) by delineating the concept into four categories. These are: Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門 辨) the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life ; Da Bao Lun (大寶論) the theory of the great treasure of the human body; Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) the theory of true-yin fluid; and Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the part of the pulse and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera. Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門辨), the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life. The triple warmer (三焦: Sanjiao) is composed of three parts: the upper, middle, and lower. This concept is also connected with the functions and roles of the vital organs. The upper burner is related to the heart and lungs. The middle burner is related to the liver and spleen. Whereas, the lower burner is related to the kidneys. Bao-Luo (包絡) is the Pericardium, the envelope of the heart, serving as the protector of the heart. Ming-Men (命門) is the Gate of Life, reffering to the vitals of life. It functions as kidney-yang which is considered as the origin of yang-energy of the human body, and serves partly as the function of cortico-adrenal gland in modern medicine. Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) discussed the Da Bao Lun (大寶論) as the most important function in the human body because the Da Bao (大寶/great treasure) is the true-yang (眞陽) which is the affective force for physiological functions, and as the source of energy for life activities. Moreover, true-yang (眞陽) functions both as a heater and thermometer that warms the human body and indicates vitality by levels of body warmth respectively. The Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) theory states that if true-yang (眞陽) is energy, then true-yin (眞陰) is the source of energy. This can be likened to a tree with roots which absorbs nutrients from the ground (source), and spreads the nutrients (energy) through its branches. Thus, true-yin (眞陰) is the root cause for later functional activities of true-yang (眞陽). In Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the pulse (脈 /Mai) and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) insisted that when a diagnoses by the pulse is made the five vital organs and the six viscera (五臟六腑) of a human body should be harmoniously arranged in accordance with its respective part of the pulse. Furthermore, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) supported his theory with evidence from earlier Chinese medical doctors. And, by stating that human beings must cultivate and preserve their true-yin (眞陰) and true-yang (眞陽) energies he therefore created four new prescriptions called: Zuoguiyin (左歸飮), Youguiyin (右歸飮), Zuoguiwan (左 歸丸), Youguiwan (右歸丸). To further clarify his theory Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) considered that the function of true-yang (眞陽) and true-yin (眞陰) is expressed by Ming-Men (命門). This theory is that for humans to be spiritually and physically healthy they must live in accord with natural law. Also, within the framework of natural law, astronomical and geographical factors must be considered for complete, holistic, health. Thus, Ming-Men is the basis for healthy living in the modern world.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.1129-1136
• /
• 2005

The writer reports the conclusions gained from study about the cause of the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome with Dongeuibogam as the central figure through researching the disharmony among Body Essence, Vital Energy, Mentality, and Blood, mutual action of five viscera and six bowels, and external shapes. The hypersensitive large intestine syndrome is generally chronic and recurred in many cases, so it is more efficacious than symptomatic to treat according to find the contradictions of individual shapes. The shapes and cases suffering frequently the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome are Gi-kwa and Sin-kwa, having a long nose, having a bruised spot on Triple warmer, man with inclined mouth, Taeeum type, man with congested fluids, man with colic symptoms. The hypersensitive large intestine syndrome in Oriental medicine is recognized of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, abdominal distention and fullness caused by seven emotions. In Dongeuibogam it can be found out the similarity in depressive symptoms due to disorder of Gi, stagnation of Gi, dysphasia due to disorder of Gi, diarrhea due to disorder of Gi, fullness of due to Gi, diarrhea due to phlegm-retention, retention of undigested food, immoderate drinking, hypo-function of the spleen, or deficiency, abdominal pain from colic symptom, and difficulty in defecation and urination, internal injury, diarrhea due to weakness and fatigue. If the Jung, Gi, Sin, and Hyul composed the human body is broken harmony, the function of large intestinal transmission would be fallen, so similar symptoms like the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome are gotten. Especially Gi-kwa suffers diarrhea, constipation abdominal pain, and abdominal distention and fullness due to depressive symptoms from disorder of Seven emotions or Seven Gi. And Sin-kwa suffers from the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome due to emotional restlessness having an influence on rhythmic movement of abdomen. Examining between five viscera and six bowels and the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome, Liver cannot disperse well having influence on mutual relation of Liver-Large intestine, Heart reduces the function of defecation and urination not to control the seven emotions, Lung having exterior and interior relation with intestine has an influence on primordial energy and let the main symptoms occur, Spleen circulating the body fluid let the main symptoms occur due to malfunction of circulation, Kidney locating in lower part of the body has deep connection with intestine, so let the disorder. Urinary bladder is connected with intestine in moisture metabolism, Stomach is connected in receive and transmission, Small intestine is connected in absorption and excretion, from small intestine pain disturbing the abdominal movement, Samcho managing the catharsis of lower heater if declined its function causes the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome. The colic symptoms of Front private parts which disorder in lower abdomen give rise to abdominal pains, difficulty in defecation and urination due to Cold are similar to the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome. The treatments of applying the shapes of colic syndrome advocated by Master Park can be efficacious cure in clinic. Researching after the clinical cases of Master Park advocating Hyungsang medicine, we came to know that plenty of prescriptions of internal injury are applied and take good effects.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.125-137
• /
• 2006

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the most promising mushrooms produced on the domestic farms. The quality as well as quantity of Eryngii is sensitively affected by micro climate factors such as temperature, relative humidity, $CO_2$ concentration, and light intensity. To safely produce high-quality Eryngii all the yew round, it is required that the environmental factors be carefully controlled by well designed structures equipped with various facilities and control systems. At the commercial mushroom cultivation houses of permanent frame type (A, B), this study was carried out to find out reasonable range of each environmental factor and yield together with economic and safe structures influencing on the optimal productivity of Eryngii. This experiment was conducted for about two-year ken Nov. 2003 to Dec. 2005 in cultivation house. Ambient temperature during the experiment period was not predominantly different from that of a normal year. The capacity of the hot water boiler and the piping systems were not enough. Because the capacity of electric heater and air circulation were not enough, air temperatures in cultivation house before improvement of system were maintained somewhat lower than setting temperature, and maximum air temperature difference between the upper and lower growth stage during a heating time period was about 5.1. But the air temperatures after system improvement were maintained within the limits range of setting temperature without happening stagnant of air. Air temperature distribution was generally distributed uniform. Relative humidity in cultivation house before , improvement was widely ranged about $44{\sim}100%$. But as the relative humidity after improvement was ranged approximately $80{\sim}100%$, it was maintained within the range of relative humidity recommended. And $CO_2$ concentration was maintained about $400{\sim}3,300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ range. The illuminance in cultivation house was widely distributed in accordance with position, and it was maintained lower than the recommended illuminance range $100{\sim}200lx$. The acidity of midium was some lower range than the recommend acidity range of pH $5.5{\sim}6.5$. The yield was relatively ununiform. In case of bottle capacity of 1,300cc, the mushroom of the lowest grade was less than 3%. The consumption electric energy was quite different according to the cultivation season. The electric energy consumed during heating season was much more than that of cooling season.