• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1385-1393
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• 2014

Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is widely used in the power systems, however, the contacts overheating of the inside circuit breaker or disconnector may be a potential cause of developing accidents. As the temperature of the contacts cannot be directly acquired due to existence of the metallic shield, an infrared sensor is adopted to directly measure the temperature of the shield and then the contacts temperature can be indirectly obtained by data fitting, based on which the on-line temperature monitoring technology specifically for GIS contacts based on infrared sensing is proposed in this paper. A real GIS test platform is constructed and experimental studies are carried out to account for the influential factors that affect the accuracy of the infrared temperature measurement. A heat transfer model of the GIS module is also developed, together with experimental studies, the nonlinear temperature relationship among the contacts, the metallic shield and the environment based on a neural network algorithm is established. Finally, an integrated on-line temperature monitoring system for the GIS contacts is developed for on-site applications.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.465-471
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• 1997

An integrated computer program consisting of a pre-processor, main solver, and post-processor was developed for the design of large steel castings. The pre-processor, based on the AutoCAD, enables the user to produce approval drawings, casting design drawings and mesh diagrams in sequence using a personal computer. In the main solver, two numerical models were employed; one models the fluid flow during mold filling, and the other models the heat transfer and solidification. The post-processor can be used to present simulation results such as flow pattern, mold filling sequences, solidification times, temperature gradients and location of shrinkage defects by color graphics. In order to validate the applicability of the present integrated program, a series of experiments on simple-shaped steel castings were carried out. After the validation of the present model, it was applied to the casting design of the large steel anchor of an SC42 alloy. Various solidification parameters such as a temperature distribution and a solidification time in the casting and the mold were compared with those obtained experimentally. Simulated results predicting shrinkage defects were in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. It was found that the present method can be successfully applied to the quantitative casting design for complex-shaped large steel castings.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 Mg합금의 반응고성형 공정기술을 개발하기 위하여 여러 가지 전단속도와 냉각속도에 따른 Mg합금의 점도와 딕소트러픽 거동을 분석하였으며, 이를 전산모사연구와 비교 검토하였다. 전산모사연구에서는 미세조직과 공정변수를 고려한 반응고 슬러리의 유변학적 거동을 분석하였다. 반응고 온도영역에서의 Mg합금(AZ91D) 슬러리의 점도는 고상율에 따라 지수함수적으로 증가하였으며, 전단속도가 증가하면 감소하는 경향을 나타났다. Mg합금 슬러리의 유변학적 거동을 정확하게 분석하기 위하여 Carreau 모델을 사용하여 ANYCAST 프로그램에서 고압다이캐스팅용 금형으로의 Mg합금 반응고 슬러리의 충진거동을 모사하였다. 전산모사된 결과는 동일한 조건에서의 실제 실험결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.24-30
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• 1996

철강주물 생산량의 증가로 인하여 폐주물사의 발생량도 급격히 증가하고 있다. 1980년에 약 23만톤의 폐주물사 발생이 1993년도에는 약 48만톤으로 증가했다. 폐주물사의 처리는 대부분 매립에 의존하고 있으며 일부 건식법, 습식법 그리고 유동배소로법에 의한 처리가 행해지고 있지만 그 처리량은 미미한 상태이다. 폐주물사의 처리비용이 높아지고 환경규제가 심해지고 있기 때문에 용융에 의한 폐주물사의 처리에 관심을 가져야 한다. 본 연구에서는 국내의 주물생산량 및 폐주물사의 발생현황을 추적해 보고 용융방법의 채택 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 용융공정을 대상으로 물질 및 에너지 수지를 세워 계산하였다. 본 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 폐주물사를 상온에서 용해하는 것보다 큐포라의 배기열등을 이용하여 예열하면 석탄의 원단위가 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있다. 그리고 용융 공정의 경우 에너지 수지측면에서 2차 연소율의 향상과 열회수율의 향상 기술이 무엇보다도 중요한 것을 알 수 있었다. 용융공정에서 에너지 절감을 위해서는 연료선택이 중요하며, 특히 휘발분이 낮은 석탄을 사용하는 것이 유리하다.

• 대기
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.199-214
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• 2021

A record-breaking high surface air temperature of 41.0℃ was observed on 1 August 2018 at Hongcheon, South Korea. In this study, to quantitatively determine the formation mechanism of this extremely high surface air temperature, particularly considering the contributions of the foehn and the foehnlike wind, observational data from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were utilized. In the backward trajectory analysis, trajectories of 100 air parcels were released from the surface over Hongcheon at 1600 LST on 1 August 2018. Among them, the 47 trajectories (38 trajectories) are tracked back above (below) heights of 1.4 km above mean sea level at 0900 LST 31 July 2018 and are defined as upper (lower) routes. Lagrangian energy budget analysis shows that for the upper routes, adiabatic heating (11.886 × 10³ J kg^-1) accounts for about 77% of the increase in the thermal energy transfer to the air parcels, while the rest (23%) is diabatic heating (3.650 × 10³ J kg^-1). On the other hand, for the lower routes, adiabatic heating (6.111 × 10³ J kg^-1) accounts for about 49% of the increase, the rest (51%) being diabatic heating (6.295 × 10³ J kg^-1). Even though the contribution of the diabatic heating to the increase in the air temperature rather varies according to the routes, the contribution of the diabatic heating should be considered. The diabatic heating is caused by direct heating associated with surface sensible heat flux and heating associated with the turbulent mixing. This mechanism is the Type 4 foehn described in Takane and Kusaka (2011). It is concluded that Type 4 foehn wind occurs and plays an important role in the extreme event on 1 August 2018.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.32-45
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• 2020

The problem of determining the discharge rates of gases from pressurized vessels through pressure relief devices was dealt with comprehensively. First, starting from basic fluid flow equations, detailed modeling procedures were presented for isentropic nozzle flows and frictional flows in a pipe, respectively. Meanwhile, physical explanations were given to choking phenomena in terms of the acoustic velocity, elucidating the widespread use of Mach numbers in gas flow models. Frictional flows in a pipe were classified into adiabatic, isothermal, and general flows according to the heat transfer situation around the pipe, but the adiabatic flow model was recommended suitable for gas discharge through pressure relief devices. Next, for the isentropic nozzle flow followed by adiabatic frictional flow in the pipe, two equations were established for two unknowns that consist of the Mach numbers at the inlet and outlet of the pipe, respectively. The relationship among the ratio of downstream reservoir pressure to upstream pressure, mass flux, and total frictional loss coefficient was shown in various forms of MATLAB 2-D plot, 3-D surface plot and contour plot. Then, the profiles of gas properties and velocity in the pipe section were traced. A method to quantify the relationship among the pressure head, velocity head, and total friction loss was presented, and was used in inferring that the rapid increase in gas velocity in the region approaching the choked flow at the pipe outlet is attributed to the conversion of internal energy to kinetic energy. Finally, the Levenspiel chart reproduced in this work was compared with the Lapple chart used in API 521 Standatd.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.2311-2320
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• 2022

The main outcomes of the experiments H2P6 performed in the thermal-hydraulics large-scale PANDA facility at PSI in the frame of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project are presented in this article. The experiments of the H2P6 series consists of two PANDA tests characterized by the activation of three (H2P6_1) or one (H2P6_2) cooler(s) in an initially stratified and pressurized containment atmosphere. The initial stratification is defined by a helium-rich region located in the upper part of the vessel and a steam/air atmosphere in the lower part. The activation of the cooler(s) results i) in the condensation of the steam in the vicinity of the cooler(s), ii) the corresponding activation of large scale natural circulation currents in the vessel atmosphere, with the result of iii) the re-distribution and mixing of the Helium stratification initially located in the upper half of the vessel and iv) the continuous pressure decay. The initial helium layer represents hydrogen generated in a postulated severe accident. The main question to be answered by the experiments is whether or not the interaction of the different, localized cooler units would be important for the application of numerical methods. The paper describes the initial and boundary conditions and the experimental results of the H2P6 series with the suggestion of simple scaling laws for both experiments in terms of i) the temperature difference(s) across the cooler(s), ii) the transient steam and helium content and iii) the pressure decay in the vessel. The outcomes of this scaling indicate that the interaction between separate, closely localized units does not play a prominent role for the present experiments. It is therefore reasonable to model several units as one large component with equivalent heat transfer area and total water flow rate.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2023

구리가 함침된 하이드로탈사이트 촉매의 고유 키네틱 데이터를 이용하여 메탄올 수증기 개질 반응의 고정층 반응기 Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 이전 연구결과로부터 얻어진 20wt%의 구리가 함침된 하이드로탈사이트 촉매의 활성화 에너지는 97.4 kJ/mol, 전 지수 인자는 5.904 × 10¹⁰를 이용하였다. 그리고 고유의 키네틱 데이터를 사용하여 반응온도 (200-450 ℃) 및 메탄올과 물의 몰비 변화에 따른 전환율을 관찰하였다. 또한 위의 키네틱 상수를 power law 모델을 사용하여 Axial 2D Symmetry 시뮬레이션을 통해 상용반응기(I.D. 0.05 - 0.1 m, Length 1 m)의 열 및 물질유동해석을 예측하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.292-311
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• 2017

Purpose: Beyond the limited scope of non-specific polyclonal regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy, which depends largely on serendipity, the present study explored a target Treg subset appropriate for the delivery of a novel epitope spreader Pep19 antigen as part of a sophisticated form of immunotherapy with defined antigen specificity that induces immune tolerance. Methods: Human polyclonal $CD4^+CD25^+CD127^{lo-}$ Tregs (127-Tregs) and $na\ddot{i}ve$ $CD4^+CD25^+CD45RA^+$ Tregs (45RA-Tregs) were isolated and were stimulated with target peptide 19 (Pep19)-pulsed dendritic cells in a tolerogenic milieu followed by ex vivo expansion. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and rapamycin were added to selectively exclude the outgrowth of contaminating effector T cells (Teffs). The following parameters were investigated in the expanded antigen-specific Tregs: the distinct expression of the immunosuppressive Treg marker Foxp3, epigenetic stability (demethylation in the Treg-specific demethylated region), the suppression of Teffs, expression of the homing receptors CD62L/CCR7, and CD95L-mediated apoptosis. The expanded Tregs were adoptively transferred into an $NOD/scid/IL-2R{\gamma}^{-/-}$ mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Results: Epitope-spreader Pep19 targeting by 45RA-Tregs led to an outstanding in vitro suppressive T cell fate characterized by robust ex vivo expansion, the salient expression of Foxp3, high epigenetic stability, enhanced T cell suppression, modest expression of CD62L/CCR7, and higher resistance to CD95L-mediated apoptosis. After adoptive transfer, the distinct fate of these T cells demonstrated a potent in vivo immunotherapeutic capability, as indicated by the complete elimination of footpad swelling, prolonged survival, minimal histopathological changes, and preferential localization of $CD4^+CD25^+$ Tregs at the articular joints in a mechanistic and orchestrated way. Conclusions: We propose human $na\ddot{i}ve$ $CD4^+CD25^+CD45RA^+$ Tregs and the epitope spreader Pep19 as cellular and molecular targets for a novel antigen-specific Treg-based vaccination against collagen-induced arthritis.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1161-1170
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• 2011

이 논문은 촉매 담체에서 열유동 및 구조해석의 실동경계조건에 대한 역문제 해법을 나타낸다. 촉매 담체의 배기가스 정화효율은 열유동 매개변수와 촉매 성분 등에 영향을 받고 열유동 균일도에 의해 평가된다. 역문제의 정식화-열유동 매개변수(입구 온도, 속도, 반응열, 대류열전달계수)를 얻고-와 직접 문제-주어진 출구 온도 분포로부터 평가-를 설명하였다. 실험계획법과 반응표면 최적화 기법은 제안된 역문제 해결을 위해 이용하였다. 촉매 담체의 온도 분포는 예측된 열유동 매개변수에 대한 열유동해석에 의해 얻었다. 열응력과 내구성 평가는 이 온도 분포에 기반해서 수행하였다. 역문제 접근 방법의 유효성과 정확성은 반응표면모델과 측정된 실차 시험과 좋은 일치를 달성함으로써 설명하였다.