• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.657-669
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• 2008

Lately extreme weather event is occurring because of the global warming. Especially disaster due to the extreme heat are increasing but the definition and the standard of the extreme heat is obscure until now. So this study established the extreme heat standard by using the number of daily deaths. As a result, considering the climate of the megalopolis using daily maximum heat index and daily maximum temperature was the best for the standard of the extreme heat. And it showed that extreme heat lasted for 2 days affects the death toll the most. The regional incidence of the extreme heat is highest at August and July, September and June is following.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2000

The Urban thermal environment is influenced and modified in many ways. One modification is brought by the anthropogenic heat generation emitted from the combustion processes and the use of energy such as industrial, domestic and traffic procedure. The anthropogenic heat generation affect an the increase of urban temperature, the well-known urban heat islands. The study on the urban thermal environment needs a great deal of the statistic data about the inner-structure of urban, the contribution of different constructions and the traffic amount on urban thermal environment in finite region. In order to overtake a quantitative analysis of effect of the anthropogenic heat, a distribution map of the urban anthropogenic heat was made using hte data of the energy consumption used at the several constructions and traffic amount of vehicles in Pusan Metropolitan. Annual mean heat flux over the 4$\textrm{km}^2$ urbanized area in Pusan is 41.5W/$m^2$, ranging from 31.4W/$m^2$ in summertime to 59.5W/$m^2$ in wintertime and maximum diurnal anthropogenic heat generation is corresponding to 10% of irradiance during summertime.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2015

The effect of heat treatment environment on the microstructure and properties of tantalum coating layer manufactured by kinetic spraying was examined. Heat treatments are conducted for one hour at $800^{\circ}C$, $900^{\circ}C$, and $1000^{\circ}C$ in two different environments of vacuum and Ar gas. Evaluation of microstructure and physical properties are conducted. High density ${\alpha}$-tantalum single phase coating layer with a porosity of 0.04% and hardness of 550 Hv can be obtained. As heat treatment temperature increases, porosity identically decreases regardless of heat treatment environment (vacuum and Ar gas). Hardness of heat treated coating layer especially in Ar gas environment deceases from 550 Hv to 490 Hv with increasing heat treatment temperature. That in vacuum environment deceases from 550 Hv to 530 Hv. The boundary between particles became vague as heat treatment temperature increases. Oxygen distribution of tantalum coating layer is minute after heat treatment in vacuum environment than Ar gas environment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.767-780
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• 2009

This study investigates the standard, duration period and excess mortality of extreme heat using the standardized daily mortality data from 1991 to 2004, establishing a standard threshold Criteria for Heat Health Watch Warning System in Korea. It ultimately aims to provide the guidance in building up Heat Health Watch Warning System for Korea by suggesting the standard to quantify thermal stress from heat. The standard threshold Criteria for Heat Health Watch Warning System for Seoul metropolitan city takes into account both daily maximum temperature and daily maximum heat index(HI) and consists of four phases; caution, extreme caution, danger, and extreme danger. Extreme caution phase and danger phase are used as the advisory and warning of extreme heat, respectively. Since the nationwide distribution of the frequency of extreme heat day and the excess mortality rate shows little difference across regions, the standard threshold Criteria for Heat Health Watch Warning System for Seoul metropolitan city can be used for other regions.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.901-905
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• 2008

This study was conducted to clarify the heat load characteristics and heat and moisture behavior of underground structures. The authors achieved this by carrying out a numerical analysis using simple heat diffusion and simultaneous heat and moisture transfer equations based on measurement data. This paper presents the results of a numerical analysis on the heat load characteristics and heat and moisture behavior of an underground basement and its surrounding ground under a condition of internal heat generation. The authors found it difficult to predict the heat behavior and heat load of the underground basement by simple heat diffusion alone. Accurate prediction of the thermal environment and heat load requires careful consideration of the influences of moisture and precipitation

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.707-713
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• 2015

This paper proposes experimental results for control performance deterioration of a piezoelectric actuator under high temperature conditions due to external heat environment. In this work, a heat environment from 30 ℃ to 190 ℃ is established by a heat chamber which is capable of high temperature of heat environment. Inside the heat chamber, an experimental apparatus consisting of the stack type of piezoelectric actuator, laser sensor, gap sensor and temperature sensor is established. After evaluating temperature dependent blocking force, displacement and time response of a piezoelectric actuator inside the heat chamber, tracking control performances are evaluated under various temperature conditions via proportional-integral-derivative(PID) feedback controller. The desired position trajectory has a sinusoidal wave form with a fixed frequency. Control performances are experimentally evaluated at both room temperature and high temperature and presented in time domain.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.673-682
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• 2014

A watershed model was constructed using Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran to predict the water temperature at major tributaries of Nakdong River basin, Korea. Water temperature is one of the most fundamental indices used to determine the nature of an aquatic environment. Most processes of an aquatic environment such as saturation level of dissolved oxygen, the decay rate of organic matter, the growth rate of phytoplankton and zooplankton are affected by temperature. The heat flux to major reservoirs and tributaries was analyzed to simulate water temperature accurately using HSPF model. The annual mean heat flux of solar radiation was estimated to $150{\sim}165W/m^2$, longwave radiation to $-48{\sim}-113W/m^2$, evaporative heat loss to $-39{\sim}-115W/m^2$, sensible heat flux to $-13{\sim}-22W/m^2$, precipitation heat flux to $2{\sim}4W/m^2$, bed heat flux to $-24{\sim}22W/m^2$ respectively. The model was calibrated at major reservoir and tributaries for a three-year period (2008 to 2010). The deviation values (Dv) of water temperature ranged from -6.0 to 3.7%, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.88 to 0.95, root mean square error(RMSE) of $1.7{\sim}2.8^{\circ}C$. The operational water temperature forecasting results presented in this study were in good agreement with measured data and had a similar accuracy with model calibration results.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.473-491
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• 2018

This study identifies Japanese study content on heat stroke prevention measures using clothes, provides basic data for quantitative wearing assessment studies, presents a developmental direction for those, and helps invigorate further research. Studies were collected concerning clothing-based heat stroke measures in order to analyze the following factors: current status of heat stroke by industry and working environment, heat stroke and body cooling method, clothing microclimate and air circulation in a hot environment, hot environments and wearable sensors, and heat stress reduction and skin exposure. The current WBGT standard does not consider the diversity of wearing clothes according to the working environment. Therefore, it is preferable to add a correction value in consideration of design, materials, and ventilation to prevent heat strokes. For the heat stroke and body cooling method, wearing water-perfused clothing is effective to reduce heat stress and maintain exercise ability. Changing the material and design of clothing or wearing air-conditioned clothing can improve ventilation and the clothing microclimate. However, further evaluation is needed on the effectiveness of air-conditioned clothing as a heat stroke prevention product. The measurement method using a wearable sensor can provide real-time data on the body response due to working in a hot environment. Therefore, it is an effective alarm for heat stroke. Skin exposure area and heat dissipation efficiency should be considered to prevent heat stroke. Reducing the covering area by exposing the head, neck, and limbs, and wearing breathable material can prevent heat stroke from increased body temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.781-796
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• 2009

The current standard level of Heat Health Watch Warning System consider both daily maximum temperature and daily maximum heat index(HI), but current standard could not consider daily maximum HI due to the difficulties in forecasting when we consider both daily maximum temperature and daily maximum HI and no considering HI because relative humidity could not observed for some regions. So, Newly established standard level of Heat Health Watch Warning System is based on daily maximum temperature exceeding $30^{\circ}C$ for two consecutive days or daily minimum temperature exceeding $25^{\circ}C$ and daily maximum temperature exceeding $30^{\circ}C$. These days are called "extreme heat days". On extreme heat days, the standard of extreme heat advisory is based on daily maximum temperature among exceeding $32.7^{\circ}C$ and not exceeding $34.8^{\circ}C$, and extreme heat warning is based on daily maximum temperature exceeding $34.8^{\circ}C$. ANOVA analysis was carried out using the data of Seoul Metropolitan City in 1994 to check the robustness of the new standard level of Heat Health Watch Warning System from this study, in particular for mortality variable. The results reveal that the new standard specifies excess mortality well, showing significance level of 0.05 in the difference of excess mortality for each phase.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.109-126
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the spatial types for thermal environment improvement considering heat flux and its spatial context through empirical orthodox formulas. First, k-means clustering was used to classify values of three kinds of heat flux - latent, sensible and storage heat. Next, from the k-means clustering, we defined a type of thermal environment (type LHL) where improvement is needed for more comfortable and pleasant thermal environment in the city, among the eight types. Lastly, we compared and analyzed the characteristics of each classified thermal environmental types based on land cover types. From the study, we found that the ratio of impervious surfaces, roads, and buildings of the type LHL is higher than those of the type HLH (relatively thermal comfort environment). In order to improve the thermal environment, the following contents are proposed to urban planners and designers depending on the results of the study. a) Increase the green zone rate by 10% to reduce sensible heat; b) Reduce the percentage of impermeable surfaces and roads by 10% ; c) Latent heat increases when water and green spaces are expanded. This study will help to establish a minimum criterion for a land cover rate for the improvement of the urban thermal environment and a standard index for the thermal environmental improvement can be derived.