• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.266-273
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• 2009

Use of plant growth promoting symbiotic and non-symbiotic free-living beneficial bacteria as external source of nitrogen is a major research concern for sustainable crop production in the $21^{st}$ century. In view of this, an experiment was conducted under controlled conditions to determine the effects of inoculation with Methylobacterium suomiense CBMB120, a plant growth promoting (PGP) root and shoot colonizer on red pepper, for the purpose of reducing external chemical nitrogen fertilization. Amendments with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in the form of NPK were made at dosages of 50%, 75% and 100%, at 425 and $115kg/ha^{-1}$ measurements. The soil type used was loam, with a pH of 5.13. The growth responses were measured as plant height at 19, 36 and 166 days after transplantation and final biomass production after 166 days. It was found that inoculation with M. suomiense CBMB120 promotes plant height increase during the active growth phase at 19 and 36 days by 14.17% and 10.03%, respectively. Thereafter, the bacteria inoculated plantlets showed canopy size increment. A highly significant inoculation effect on plant height at p<0.01 level was found for 100% level of organic matter and chemical amendment in red pepper plantlets after 36 days and 19 days from transplantation. Furthermore, there was a significantly higher (10.30% and 6.84%) dry biomass accumulation in M. suomiense CBMB120 inoculated plants compared to un-inoculated ones. A 25% reduction in the application of chemical nitrogen can be inferred with inoculation of M. suomiense CBMB120 at with comparable results to that of 100% chemical fertilization alone. Enumeration of total bacteria in rhizosphere soil confirms that the introduced bacteria can multiply along ther hizosphere soil. Large scale field study may lead to the development of M. suomiense CBMB120 as an efficient biofertilizer.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-130
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• 2012

This study examines mortality change in North Korea and its association with state production and welfare systems. Two main subjects are analyzed. The first theme is to examine the reliability of mortality related data released by North Korea government authorities. Examining inner consistencies among mortality related statistics and comparing with mortality trends in other socialist societies, the study finds that mortality rate was under estimated. Under-estimation of mortality by North Korean authorities is regarded to result not only from political purpose which aims to propagate the regime's superiority but also from enumeration errors of vital statistics based on the residence registration. The second theme is to estimate the change in mortality of North Korean people since the establishment of DPRK, correcting errors of mortality data. Mortality of North Korean people is estimated to have improved largely by the early 1970s, to have been sluggish hereafter, and finally to have increased during the economic hardship period between 1993 and 2008. While large people died during the food crisis in the late 1990s, however the population loss caused by mortality increase was not so great as the proposition of the huge starvation was expected. It is partly because population turbulence occurred not just by mortality increase, rather it has progressed in the joint effects of fertility decline and exodus of North Korean people for food. It is also due to North Korean people's voluntary activities of informal economy. It is also worth noting the high mortality rate of North Korean men. The high mortality of North Korean men is likely due to men's mobilization for long time in army and labor with high risk of accident and their life styles.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the topical application of fluoride by iontophoresis on the fluoride concentration in the dental enamel. Eighty-eight healthy teeth were extracted from orthodontic patients and divided into three experimental groups at 0.2 mA and 0.5 mA current and a control group. Each experimental group was further divided into three subgroups according to the application time (1, 3, and 5 min). Five to six teeth were assigned to each subgroup. Inotophoresis was performed using a 2% sodium fluoride solution and each tooth was sliced into a $3{\times}3mm$ specimen on enamel. The fluoride concentration in the enamel was measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was used to estimate the atomic ratio of fluoride on the enamel surface on selected samples. The specimen was observed via scanning electron microscopy as well. This finding was confirmed by the result that the fluoride ratios estimated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was 2.71%, 2.87% and 3.80% after fluoride iontophoresis had been performed using a 2% sodium fluoride solution at 0.5 mA for 1, 3 and 5 min, respectively. In comparison, the fluoride ratio was 0.49% in the control group. As the current became higher and the time lapsed, the formation of irregular particles was strengthened on the enamel surface. Afterwards, the enamel surface was dissolved and new matrix was formed on the enamel. Fluorapatite was observed on the enamel after fluoride iontophoresis was performed at 0.5 mA for 5 min. The fluoride concentration tended to increase with increasing duration of iontophoresis. The study findings indicated that under proper conditions, fluoride iontophoresis has a positive effect in increasing the fluoride concentration in dental enamel.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.321-335
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• 2020

Given that with the development of the 4th industry, interest and desire for smart cities are gradually increasing and related technologies are developed as a way to strengthen urban competitiveness by utilizing big data, information and communication technology, IoT, M2M, and AI, the purpose of this study is to find out how to achieve this goal on the premise of the idea of smart well fair city. In other words, the purpose is to devise a smart well-fair city in the care area, such as health care, medical care, and welfare, and see if it is feasible. With this recognition, the paper aimed to review the concept and scope of smart city, the discussions that have been made so far and the issues or limitations on its connection to social security and social welfare, and based on it, come up with the concept of welfare city. As a method of realizing the smart welfare city, the paper reviewed characteristics and features of a social security platform as well as the applicability of smart city, especially care services. Furthermore, the paper developed discussions on the standardization of the city in terms of political and institutional improvements, utilization of personal information and public data as well as ways of institutional improvement centering on social security information system. This paper highlights the importance of implementing the digitally based community care and smart welfare city that our society is seeking to achieve. With regard to the social security platform based on behavioral design and the 7 principles(6W1H method), the present paper has the limitation of dealing only with smart cities in the fields of healthcare, medicine, and welfare. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the effects of smart cities in other fields and to consider the application and utilization of technologies in various aspects and the corresponding impact on our society. It is expected that this paper will suggest the future course and vision not only for smart cities but also for the social security and welfare system and thereby make some contribution to improving the quality of people's lives through the requisite adjustments made in each relevant field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the effect of bluefin tuna bone on the bone metabolism of the rats. Weaned 6-week old male rats were fed low-calcium diets for 2 weeks after the adjustment period. Rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed experimental diets for six weeks. Experimental groups were \circled1 Normal calcium: CC (0.5% CaCO$_3$; control) \circled2 TB (bluefin tuna bone powder) \circled3 CT (citrated bluefin tuna bone powder) \circled4 BB (bovine bone powder) \circled5 CL (calcium lactate) \circled6 Low calcium LC (0.15% CaCO$_3$). Low-calcium diet group (LC) showed the lowest calcium retention. There was no differences in calcium excretion in stool and calcium absorption among various calcium sources. Serum calcitonin levels were high in TB, CT and BB group compared to those in CC, CL LC group. Parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin levels showed no differences among experimental groups. Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels were significantly higher in LC group than in other groups. Wet weight of the femur were significantly high in TB and CT group, and dry weight of femur showed no differences among normal calcium groups. Bone density of femur in LC group was significantly lower than those of normal calcium feeding group, and TB group showed highest bone density among experimental groups. There was no differences in bone metabolism among various calcium sources. Therefore, it is pointed out that the amount of calcium intake is very important because there was significant differences between normal calcium diet and low calcium diet. According to the results of femur weight, ash, calcium and bone density, it is suggested that bluefin tuna bone have alternative effects to bovine bone powder on the maintenance of bone health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.366-370
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• 2007

Wild grapes contain various organic acids, vitamins, and inorganic salts compared to other various fruits. Their anthocyanin compounds are also known to have excellent effects in preventing cancers and heart diseases. Wild grapes are supposed to be a superior material for wine fermentation. This study was performed for searching optimum conditions for producing wild grape wines to improve their quality and taste. Four wild strains were isolated from Muscat Bailey A, ‘Kyoho’ grapevine, and wild grapes. For wild grape wine production, an optimum initial sugar concentration was $24^{\circ}Brix$ and an optimum temperature was $24^{\circ}C$. Sensory characteristics of the wild grape wine were evaluated for incense, sour taste, astringency, and sweet taste. Quality properties of the wild grape wine produced under the optimized fermentation conditions were analyzed. Total sugar, polyphenol contents, and acidity of the wild grape wine were 50.00 mg/mL, 25.30 mg/mL, and 0.95%, showing higher value than those of commercial grape wines. Amino acids, tannins, alcohol contents, and pH were 1.80 mg/mL, 1.88 mg/mL, 12%, and 3.59, respectively. The optimum fermentation conditions can be used to improve quality of the wild grape wine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1493-1501
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• 2012

The antioxidant activities of volatile aroma extracts from Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bureau were examined using two antioxidant assays. Ten volatile aroma compounds identified in this plant were also tested for antioxidant activity. The volatile aroma extracts of stem and root from C. tricuspidata exhibited antioxidant activities with a clear dose response relationship in both aldehyde/carboxylic acid and lipid/malonaldehyde assays. Antioxidant activities of volatile aroma extracts from C. tricuspidata at $500{\mu}g/mL$ were $77.02{\pm}8.12%$ (stem) and $74.19{\pm}6.82%$ (root) in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. Antioxidant activities of volatile aroma extracts from C. tricuspidata at $160{\mu}g/mL$ were $76.17{\pm}4.25%$ (stem) and $61.43{\pm}2.11%$ (root) in the lipid/malonaldehyde assay. Positively identified volatile aroma components in extracts of stem and root from C. tricuspidata were seven terpenes and terpenoides, 14 alkyl compounds, 11 nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds, three oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds, 12 aromatic compounds, nine lactones, and seven miscellaneous compounds (possible contaminants). Among the positively identified compounds, eugenol, isoeugenol, and 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol exhibited antioxidant activities comparable to those of BHT and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Vanillin and 2-acetylpyrrole showed moderate activities in the lipid/malonaldehyde assay. These results suggest that consumption of antioxidant-rich beverages prepared from C. tricuspidata could have beneficial effects on human health by preventing diseases caused by oxidative damage.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.218-228
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• 2010

Components of dental resin-based restorative materials are reported to leach from the filling materials even after polymerization. Hydroquinone (HQ) is one of the major monomers used in the dental resin and is known as a carcinogen. Thus, carcinogenic risk of HQ leaching from the dental resin becomes a public health concern. The present study attempted to examine the carcinogenic potentials of HQ on the human epithelial cell, which is the target cell origin of the most of oral cancers. Cytotoxicity of HQ was observed above 50${\mu}M$ as measured by LDH assay, indicating a relatively low toxicity of this substance in human epithelial cells. The parameters of neoplastic cellular transformation such as cell saturation density, soft agar colony formation and cell aggregation were analyzed to examine the carcinogenic potential of HQ. The study showed that 2-week exposure of HQ showed the tendency of increase in the saturation density and the significant enhancement of soft agar colony formation at the highest dose, 50 ${\mu}M$ only. It is suggested that HQ has a weak potential of carcinogenicity. When cells were treated with HQ and TPA, a well-known tumor promoter, the parameters of neoplastic cellular transformation was significantly increased. This result indicates that the potential risk of carcinogenicity from HQ is largely dependent upon the presence of promoter. Exposure of 50 ${\mu}M$ HQ increased the time-dependent apoptosis as measured by the ELISA kit. This concentration coincides with a dose of neoplastic transformation, indicating a possible link between apoptosis and HQ-induced cellular transformation. Hydroquinone generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which was evidenced by the treatment of antioxidants such as trolox and N-acetyl cysteine and the GSH depleting agent, BSO. Antioxidants blocked the generation of ROS and the GSH depleting agent, BSO dramatically increased the ROS production. Since HQ is known to increase ROS production thru activation of transcriptional factor such as c-Myb and Pim-1, it is speculated that ROS generation by HQ plays a role in the activation of oncogene, which may lead to neoplastic transformation. In addition, ROS is involved in the alteration of signal transduction, which regulates the apoptosis in many cellular systems. Thus, ROS-mediated apoptosis may be involved in the HQ-induced carcinogenic processes. Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to play pivotal roles in neoplastic transformation of cells and its high expression is often found in a variety of types of tumors including oral cancer. PKC translocation of PKC-${\alpha}$ was observed following HQ exposure. Altered signaling system may also play a role in the transformation process. Taken together, HQ leached from the dental resin does not pose a significant threat as a cancer causing agent, but its carcinogenic potential can be significantly elevated in the presence of promoter. The mechanism of HQ-induced carcinogenesis involved ROS generation, apoptosis and altered signaling pathway. The present study will provide a valuable data to estimate the potential risk of HQ as a carcinogen and understand mechanism of HQ-induced carcinogenesis in human epithelial cells.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.68-77
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• 2013

Derived Investigation levels(DILs) were calculated to protect the workers from the effects of both radiological hazard and chemical toxicity by uranium intake. Investigation Levels(ILs) of committed effective dose of 2 mSv $y^{-1}-6$ mSv $y^{-1}$ and uranium concentration of 0.3 ${\mu}g$ $g^{-1}$ in kidney, based on Korean Nuclaer Safety Act, Korean Occupational Safety and Health Act and current scientific studies of uranium intake were assumed. DILs of radiological hazard and chemical toxicity were then calculated based on the concentration of uranium in air of workplace, the lung monitoring and urine analysis, respectively. As a result, in case of the nuclear fuel fabrication plant where 3.5% enriched uranium is handled, derived investigation level(DIL) for the control of the concentration of uranium in the air of workplace assumed with 15-min acute inhalation was 0.6 mg $m^{-3}$ for all types of uranium. DILs for the control of the average concentration of uranium in air of workplace, assuming an 8-hour workday, were 15.21 ${\mu}g$ $m^{-3}$ of Type F uranium, 0.41-1.23 Bq $m^{-3}$ and 0.13-0.39 Bq $m^{-3}$ for Type M and Type S uranium, respectively. DILs for the lung monitoring assumed with a period of 6-month interval were 0.37-1.11 Bq and 0.39-1.17 Bq in acute and chronic inhalation for Type M, respectively and 0.30- 0.91 Bq and 0.19-0.57 Bq in acute and chronic inhalation for Type S, respectively. Since a detection limit of typical germanium detector for the measurement of 235U activity is 4 Bq, DILs calculated for the lung monitoring were not appropriate. DILs for urine analysis, for which an interval was assumed to be 1 month, were 14.57 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ based on chemical toxicity after acute inhalation. In addition, acute and chronic inhalation of Type M were calculated 2.85-8.58 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ and 1.09-3.27 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ based on the radiological hazard, respectively.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of modified green gochujang, produced by Chengyang pepper powder and roasted soy powder. The moisture content of control gochujang (CON) made by red pepper powder was 32.64% whereas the content of sample 1 gochujang (S1) made by Chengyang pepper powder was 26.50%. Crude fat content of CON was 1.81% while the content of S1~S4 was a range of 2.64~2.80%. Furthermore, crude protein content of CON was 5.58% while the content of S4 was the highest value of 9.01 % In crude ash cases, S1~S4 groups were also increased to a range of 10.32~10.37% when compared to 9.91% of CON. Color properties of modified gochujang made by Chengyang pepper powder were significantly decreased in values of redness and yellowness, compared to that of CON. In pH test, it showed that pH 6.15 of S4 was significantly increased, compared to ph 5.26 of CON (p < 0.001). Total acidity of all sample groups has significantly decreased according to increased roasted soy powder than that of CON (p < 0.001). In textural properties, hardness of gochujang was a range of 622.33~3670.70 and S2 showed the highest value among others. Meanwhile, S4 showed the highest value in the adhesiveness, and S2 showed the highest gumminess. According to these results, modified gochujang was increased in nutritive values such as protein, fat, and various minerals, even though it was decreased in color and water contents. Therefore, modified gochujang would have beneficial effects on health, but it could be needed to find out the optimizing condition through a sensory evaluation for developing a new sauce using Chengyang.