• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.314-325
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• 2010

본 연구는 애완견매개활동이 양로원 노인들의 자기존중감, 우울 및 인지기능에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 대구광역시 소재의 1개 양로원의 90여명의 노인들 중 65세 이상의 노인들 22명을 선정하여 실험군으로 하고 대구광역시 소재의 또 다른 곳에 위치하고 있는 1개 양로원의 90여명의 노인 중 65세 이상의 노인들 22명의 노인들을 선정하여 대조군으로 하였다. 일반적 특성과 건강상태 및 행위에 관한 특성, 자기존중감, 우울 및 인지기능에 관한 특성이 동일한 자들로 실험군과 대조군을 선정하여 실험군에게는 주 1회 3 실험군간 12회기의 애완견매개활동에 참여하게 한 후 실험 전과 실험 후의 자기존중감, 우울 및 인지기능, 우울 및애완견매개활동을 하지 않고 정기적인 방문만을 한 대조군과 비교하여 분석하였다. 실험군 중 애완견매개활동 12회 중 10회 이상 참여한 19명과 대조군 중 실험 종료 1주 후 그리고 실험 종료 4주 후의 척도검사에 모두 응답한 20명을 최종분석 대상자로 하여 자기존중감, 우울 및 인지기능의 변화를 비교하였더니 실험군에서 자기존중감, 우울 및 인지기능의 점수가 긍정적으로 변화하였으며 이들의 변화는 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 애완견매개활동은 노인층인구의 증가, 이혼율의 증가, 출생율의 저하, 핵가족화, 개인화 및 디지털 문화의 확산 등으로 인해 소외감과 외로움을 느끼는 사람들이 늘고 있는 이러한 사회적 여건 속에서 애완견매개활동은 이들에게 정신적, 사회적으로 유용한 치료 및 긍정적 향상으로서의 역할을 할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 특히 신체적 정신적 사회적 능력의 퇴보로 심리 정서적인 문제들을 가지고 있는 노인들에게는 매우 효과적인 중재방안이 될 수 있으며 여러 종류의 의료 시설, Care시설 및 교화목적을 위한 시설 등에도 활발하게 적용 가능한 방안으로서의 관련프로그램 개발도 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-39
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• 1985

도시 영세지역 주민의 이환 및 의료이용 양상을 파악하기 위하여 1984년 7월 한 달 동안에 대구시 중구 남산 4동 영세지역 468가구의 가구원 2,002명과 대조지역 374가구의 가구원 1,709명을 대상으로 가구원의 일반적 특성, 질병이환 및 의료이용 양상 등을 면담조사 하였다. 영세지역과 대조지역의 성별, 연령별 분포는 비슷하였으나, 경제수준, 교육수준, 주거밀집도, 의료보장 종류별 분포는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 15일간의 상병 이환율은 영세지역이 1,000명당 131로 대조지역의 71보다 유의하게 높았고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 이환율도 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 65세이상의 노인층에서는 오히려 감소하였다. 년간 만성병 이환율도 영세지역이 1,000명당 134로 대조지역의 89보다 유의하게 높았고 나이가 증가함에 따라 이환율이 증가하였다. 15일간의 상병은 영세지역과 대조지역 모두 호흡기계 질환이 각각 24.0%, 29.8%로 가장 많았고 그 다음은 소화기계 질환으로 21.0%, 20.6%였으며 손상 및 중독은 영세지역이 10.3%인데 비해 대조지역은 3.3%였다. 만성병은 영세지역과 대조지역 모두 소화기계질환이 22.1%, 21.7%로 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 영세지역은 근골격계 질환으로 12.3%, 대조지역은 신경통으로 14.5%였으며, 순환기계 질환은 대조지역이 11.8%로 영세지역의 5.6% 보다 더 많은데 비해 손상 및 중독은 영세지역이 10.8%로 대조지역의 4.6%보다 더 많았다. 15일간의 상병으로 활동제한을 받은 일수는 영세지역이 평균 4.0일로 대조지역의 평균 2.2일보다 유의하게 높았다. 15일간의 상병이나 만성병을 치료받기 위해 영세지역은 약국을 더 많이 이용하고 대조지역은 병의원 외래를 더 많이 이용하였으며, 특히 의료보장 종류별로는 의료보험 가입자는 병의원 외래를, 그리고 일반환자는 약국을 더 많이 이용하였으며, 미치료율은 의료보장 종류에 관계없이 15일 이환의 경우 영세지역이 17.9%, 대조지역은 11.6%, 그리고 만성병은 영세지역이 15.2%, 대조지역은 9.2%로 영세지역의 미치료율이 대조지역보다 더 높았다. 15일간의 상병이나 만성병 모두 경제적인 이유로 치료받지 않은 경우가 가장 많았다. 영세지역의 이환율이 대조지역보다 높은 것은 경제수준, 교육정도, 주거밀집도 등 여러가지 사회 경제적인 요소가 관련된 것으로 나타났으므로, 영세민을 위한 보건사업 계획에는 이러한 사회 경제적인 요소들을 개선하는 노력을 병행해야 효과적인 보건사업이 추진될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-55
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• 1990

Every country in the world has been trying to expand the basic health right for the peoples as W.H.O has established the goal 'health for AU' by the year of 2000. Related to this goal, our government authority has establish the policy 'the insurance of health for all' into effect from July 198\). Recently hospitalshave been making a ceaseless effort for the plan for the rationalization of its management the academic World is making it a subject of discussion by doing the secure of manpower at a resonable level and the increase of productivity by the manpower. As a result of the efforts the study was established to secure the numbers of nursing manpower at a resonable level and use the unskilled persons at the utilizing field and seek the possible area of their activity for more efficient service through the investigation of ablity of simple nursing activities of regiestered nurses and nurse aides for rational function according to the educational levels and talents. The method of study was established by the registered nurses and nurse and nurse aides(R.N 229, N.A 226) who are working in 15 hospitals with over 200 beds. This surrey was conducted from Mar 29, 1989 to April 8, 1989. The method to test the degree of importance, difficulties, and the abillity of performance of a simple nursing activities was classified into 35 activities on the basis of references on this field. The degree of importance was composed from point l(Not so important) to 5(Very important). the degree of difficulties. was composed as follows; very easy - Point 1 very difficult and complicated - Point 5. and the ability of performance was composed from point 1 to 5. The materials gathered through the survey were analyzed with frequency, mean standard deviation, percentage. t-test, Anova, pearson's coefficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regression. factor analysis, discriminant analysis. The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. The recognition values of the simple nursing activities of each group of registered nurse and nurse aides show; The degree of importance; 4.04 and 4.26 The degree of difficulties; 2.72 and 2.94 The ability of performance; 2.07 and 2.38 The brief summary shows there are little differences between who two groups the simple nursing activities turned out to be easy and simple work. 2. Regardless of the degree of importance, and difficulties, the ability of performance the important in fluencing of the degree of the simple nursing activities between the registered nurses and nurse aides was the order of educational level, hospital career, working career in wards and ages of the registered nurses and ages and hospital creer of nurse aides. The result was that the simple nursing activities could easily be familiar through the training of their working environment and period of experience. 3. Among the 35 simple nursing activities the items capable of resonable entrusting to the nurse aides are 5 that is helping bed-bathing, 8itz Bath, using bed pan, care while delivering patient, accompaying patient when visitor's check. There wasn't and differences between RN and nurse aides in performing the above 5 items. In anywhere. so we can say obviosuly that this nursing activities should be performed under the nursing system of which chief of nurse are supposed to supervise nurse aides as a possible function to be entrusted. In view of the above mentioned results, therefore, this partial functional job of the simple nursing activities can able be entrusted to the nurse aides through the regular training course. In case of these functional activities could be entrusted under, the responsibility of registered nurse, we can able suggest to for that there are the following advantages: 1.. In the nursing activities-affairs, the qualified guarantee of the nursing services can be kept and increased or promotoed with accommodation of the required nursing service and roles being expanded presently. 2. In the productivity of the hospital manpower, therefore, we have comt to view and consider in favourly that when an automational administration times would be come in the near future time to hospital affairs as a reality, to utilize the existing nures aides is better rather than investing so as to develop the other source manpowers or seek its for the efficient business management in the operational strategy or its policy.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.404-411
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• 2014

본 연구는 대두와 쥐눈이콩의 열수 및 에탄올 추출물에 대한 항산화 활성을 평가함으로서 기능성 식품소재 개발로 활용하고자 한다. 대두와 쥐눈이콩의 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 수율은 대두 추출물에서 높았으며, 열수 추출물이 에탄올 추출물보다 수율이 높았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 쥐눈이콩 에탄올 추출물에서 26.22 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 쥐눈이콩 열수 추출물에서 30.52 mg/g으로 가장 높았다. 전자공여능은 대두와 쥐눈이콩 열수 및 에탄올 추출물에서 농도가 증가함에 따라 전자공여능은 증가하였으며, 낮은 농도에서 전체적으로 쥐눈이콩 추출물의 전자공여능이 높았다. SOD 유사활성능은 대두와 쥐눈이콩 열수 및 에탄올 추출물에서 농도가 증가함에 따라 SOD 유사활성능은 증가하였으며, 대체적으로 쥐눈이콩 열수 및 에탄올 추출물에서 높았고, 10mg/mL 농도에서 쥐눈이콩 열수 및 에탄올 추출물은 각각 73%, 62%이상의 SOD 유사활성능을 보였다. pH 1.2에서의 아질산염 소거능은 대두 열수 추출물 10 mg/mL 농도에서 47.60%의 소거능을 보였다. Xanthine oxidase 저해활성은 각 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 낮은 농도에서는 쥐눈이콩 에탄올 추출물에서 저해활성이 높았고, 5 mg/mL 이상의 농도에서는 대두 열수 추출물에서 저해활성이 높았다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 대두 및 쥐눈이콩 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 높은 저해활성을 보였고, 10 mg/mL 농도에서 쥐눈이콩 열수 및 에탄올 추출물은 각각 42.05%, 45.67%으로 다른 추출물에 비해 저해활성이 높았다. 환원력은 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 대두 추출물보다 쥐눈이콩 추출물에서 높은 환원력을 보였으며, 각 농도에서 쥐눈이콩 추출물이 대두 추출물보다 약 2배 이상의 높은 환원력을 보였다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.89-130
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• 1993

Huh-joon's medical thoughts shown on his medical book of the Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham can be summerized as follows. 1. The general trend of medical science in Koryo dynasty is that much more interests were concentrated upon the books about curative means rather than upon the books about theoretical knowledge of medical science. With the development of Hyang Yak(鄕樂) (the term referring either various kinds of domestic medical stuffs such as herbs or the curative methods using those stuffs) and the writing of books on Hyang Yak, independent medical science of the nation's own was established in late Koryo dynasty. And the national medical science was continuously further developed until early Choson dynasty. Briskly-expanded mutual exchanges with China in early Choson dynasty provided Choson opportunities to import Chinese medical science and to examine it. Under this circumstances, he wrote the Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham. 2. As we look over the preface and Chip-Rae-Muo(集例文), we can find the characterstic of Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham is that the philosophical theory of Taoism was quoted in explaining the principles of his medical science and that the main idea of Naekyuog is the basis in explaining the way of curing diseases. 3. 83 kinds of medical books were quoted in the Doog-Eui-Bo-Kham. Besides, as many as 200 kinds of books including Tao-tzu's teaching books(道書), history books(史書), almanac(曆書), and Confucius' teaching books(儒家書籍) were quoted in total. Naekyuog and Eue-Hak-Ip-Mun, Dan-Kye-Sim-Bup were the most frequently quoted books among them. 4. Huh-Joon's medical thoughts about health care were like these. 1) The reason why Huh-Joon regarded the idea of health care as of great importance was that he laid much more emphasises on the preventive medicines rather than on the remedial medicines. The direct reason was that he was greatly influenced by profound knowledge of Taoist's study of discipline and who participated in the editing the books from the beginning. 2) Huh-Joon's outlook on human body started from the theory of "Unity of Heaven and Man"(天人合一論), which implied man was a kind of miniature universe. In addition to that, he largely theory of essence(精), vital force(氣), and spirit(神) which were regarded very important as the three most valuable properties in Taoism. However, he took his medical ground on practical and pragmatic idea that he did not discuss fundamental essence(元精), fundamental vital force(元氣), and fundamental spirit(元神) which were given by Heaven from the received only the theory of essence, vital force, and spirit which were acquired after birth and worked mainly on realistic activity of life. 3) Huh-loon accepted Do-In-Bup(導引法) sharply as a method to prevent and cure diseases. 5. Huh-loon's medical thoughts on remedial aspects are as 1) Naekyung was considered so important in Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham that not only each paragraph was begun with the Quotations from Nackyung but also the edited order of the content of the book the same with that of Naekyung. And differently from the former korean medical books he accepted at large and recorded the theories of the four noted physicians of the Geum-Won era(金元四大家) by Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham. 2) For the first time, Huh-Joon introduced the theory of Un-Ki (運氣論) in the Dong-Eui-Bo-Kahm. However, he accepted it as a pathological function of human body but he did not apply physical constitution, physiological function, pathological function, and remedial methods. 3) Huh-loon liked to use Hyang Yak that he recorded korean name of Hyang Yak(鄕名), places of the production(産地), the time of collecting(採取時月), and the way of drying herbs(陰陽乾正法) in the remedial method of a single medicine prescription for diseases at the end of each paragraph. By doing so, he developed, arranged, and revived Hyang Yak. 4) He believed that since the natural features of China were different from those of Korea the reasons of being attacked with its remedial methods couldn't be the same with different from Chinese medical books which primarily focused on paralysis and the injury of the cold has his own structure in his book that he founded independent science of this nation. He consulted enormous documents He discovered and wrote the theory and therefore concrete methods for diseases so that the book hadthe principles of outbreak of diseases(理), methods of cure(法), prescription(方), and a single medicine prescription(藥) and set system of medical science in a good order. By doing so, he and pragmatic development of medical science.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.162-170
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• 1998

아동의 치과의료이용행태에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하여 아동의 구강보건행태에 관한 이해를 증진함과 동시에 이에 대한 기초자료를 확보하고자 전라북도 익산시에 거주하는 아동과 그들의 모친 1907쌍을 대상으로 앤더슨-뉴만 모형을 적용하여 조사연구를 시행하였다. 조사방법은 자기개별 기입법에 의한 설문조사법이었다. 모형에 의한 종속변수는 아동의 치과의료이용횟수였고, 독립변수는 소인성 요소, 가능성 요소 필요성 요소로 구분 된 39개 요인이었다. 소인성 요소는 인구 및 사회 경제학적 요소, 모친의 영향 요소, 아동 자신의 요 소로 세분된 32개 요인이었고 가능성 요소는 월 평균 세대소득 등 6개 요인, 필요성 요소는 구강병으로 인한 활동제약 및 활동불능일수였다. 아동의 치과의료이용행태에 대한 앤더슨-뉴만 모형의 설명력은 25%였다. 소인성 요소가 가능성 및 필요성 요소보다 아동의 치과의료용회수에 대한 설명력이 더 컸다. 직접적인 영향을 미친 변수는 치 의사에 대한 가치, 모친의 구강건강신념 중 감수 성, 아동의 구강건강신념 중 감수성과 유익성 및 장애도, 아동의 학년, 출생순위, 진료비에 대한 부담, 단골구강진료기관유무, 구강병으로 인한 활동제약 및 활동불능일수였다. 모친의 교육수준, 사회경제적지위, 가족수 등 12개 요인은 간접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 가장 큰 영향을 미친 요인은 모친의 치과의료이용횟수였고, 아동의 구강병으로 인한 활동제약 및 활동불능일수, 아동의 구강건강신념 중 감수성, 단골구강진료기관유무 등이 상대적으로 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 이상과 같이 아동의 치과의료이용에는 모친의 영 향이 매우 크며 다른 연령층과는 달리 소인성 요소에 속하는 요인들이 중요하다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 아동의 적절한 치과의료이용을 도모하기 위해서는 모친의 행동이 중시되어야 하며, 모친과 아동을 함께 고려하는 연구 및 교육 프로그램의 개발이 활발히 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 1998

This study purports to examine sociodemographic characteristics and those factors associated with osteoarthritis in women experiencing the disease in order to make suggestions for the prevention and management of osteoarthritis in women. The subjects were 143 women who were diagnosed to have osteoarthritis and under follow-up care at an outpatient department of a university-affiliated hospital. The data were collected through personal interviews by using the structured questionnaire between October 6 and October 24, 1997. The degree of daily living activities was measured with 24 items, which were made based upon Katz Index, Barthel Index and Functional Status Index. Each item has 4 response categories : (1) being able to do alone with any difficulty, (2) being able to do alone with some difficulty, (3) being able to do alone with the help of a person or an instrument, (4) not being able to do at all. The data was analyzed with correlation analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows : 1. As for the age of the subjects, 59.4% were between 45 and 64 years, while 28% were 65 years and above. The subjects having religion were 71.7% and 44.1% of the subjects were protestants. The educational level was low : 31.5% graduated from elementary school, while 30.1% had no formal education. Those married subjects were 72%. Fifty nine percent of the subjects evaluated their economic status as middle class. 2. Those people from whom the subjects currently receive some help were spouses in 35.8% of the subjects. Likewise, 50% of the subjects indicated spouse as the people from whom they want to receive help. 3. The score of the ability of daily living activities ranged between 48 and 96, with the mean of 78.94. Those means of physical activity, ADL(activities of daily living) and IADL(instrumental activities of daily living) were 14.89, 13.97 and 50.09, respectively. Except for the items of carrying heavy stuff and of washing clothes in the sitting position the subjects showed independence in more than 90% of the items, where Independence is defined as being able to do alone or with the help of a person or an instrument. 4. The increase in age was a significant predictor of the decrease in the ability of daily living activities. Those graduated from middle school and above showed a significantly higher degree in the ability of daily living activities than those with less educational level. The married women revealed significantly higher scores in physical activity, ADL, and IADL than the unmarried ones. The ability of daily living activities was not significantly related to having religion, economic status and living with family. 5. The average duration of experiencing osteoarthritis was 4 years and 7 months. Regarding the site of the onset, 65% of the subjects indicated knees. The women with osteoarthritis for less than 3 years were 65%. The ability of daily living activities was significantly different by the duration of illness : the longer the duration of illness, the less the ability of activities. The above findings suggest the need for developing those programs for prevention disabilities in performing daily living activities and for managing diseases targeting the women of middle and old age, with low educational level, and with unmarried status. In addition, there should be developed an instrument for measuring the ability of daily living activities which reflects daily lives of Korean women with osteoarthritis in order to examine comprehensive effects of osteoarthritis on women's daily lives in this country.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2006

흑두청국으로부터 분리된 혈전용해력이 우수한 Bacillus subtilis BB-1(KFCC 11344P)으로부터 혈전용해효소 유전자를 PCR법에 의해 크로닝하였고 이를 BCF-1으로 명명하였다. BCF-1의 DNA 염기서열결정 결과 1,145 bp 크기의 혈전용해 효소로, 일본의 natto로부터 분리된 nattokinase 유전자와 99%의 상동성을 보임을 확인하였다. 혈전용해효소 유전자의 발현을 위하여 Bacillus 발현계인 Bacillus-E. coli의 shuttle vector인 pEB vector에 크로닝 하고 host로서 B. subtilis 168에 형질전환시켜 대량 발현시켰다. 생산된 혈전용해효소의 최 적활성 pH와 온도는 7.0과 $35^{\circ}C$로 확인되었다, 기질에 대한 분해양상을 조사한 결과 fibrin에서만 특이적으로 강한 분해가 일어났으며, skim milk에서 아주 약한 분해능을 보였으나 blood agar, gelatin, casein에서는 전혀 분해능을 보이지 않았다. 특히 blood agar plate에서 분해능이 없는 것으로 보아 혈액 내에서의 적혈구 파괴현상과 같은 부작용에 대한 위험을 배제할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. BCF-1에 의해 생산된 혈전용해효소는 fibrin 특이적으로 활성을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있으며, 이는 임상적이나 산업적으로 적용하였을 때 부작용에 대한 위험적인 문제는 배제될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.2146-2152
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• 2015

Apios americana Medik (hereinafter Apios) has been reported to treat diseases, including cancer, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The therapeutic effect of Apios is likely to be associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Apios in animal models of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1). Mice were exposed to LPS or H1N1 for 2-4 days to induce acute lung injury. The treatment groups were administered Apios extracts via oral injection for 8 weeks before LPS treatment or H1N1 infection. To investigate the effects of Apios, we assessed the mice for in vivo effects of Apios on immune cell infiltration and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological changes in the lung. After induction of acute lung injury, the numbers of neutrophils and total cells were lower in the Apios-treated groups than in the non-Apios-treated LPS and H1N1 groups. The Apios groups tended to have lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 in BAL fluid. In addition, the histopathological changes in the lungs were markedly reduced in the Apios-treated groups. These data suggest that Apios treatment reduces LPS- and H1N1-induced lung inflammation. These protective effects of Apios suggest that it may have therapeutic potential in acute lung injury.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.69-89
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• 2001

This study is focused that the electronic commerce(EC) on the purchasing section may improve the efficiency and transparency of the hospitals management. After reviewing the purchasing activity of hospitals, I study the introduction, expected effects, and problems of EC. So, I am going to provide basic information for activating EC. The samples are managers of 170 hospitals, which are located on Seoul. As a result of collection this survey, I analyze 79 hospitals. For data analysis, I use $X^2$-test and ANOVA for purchasing management and the relevance of EC according to the level of care. The results of this study are 1. The problems on the management of purchasing section are: firstly, they don't have sufficient time to study market. Secondly, it is difficult to find competitive suppliers. And, lastly, they cannot gather a lot of information about the price of products. 2. There are many answers of the needs on the introduction of B2B. However, some hospitals think they don't need it. But, the most answers are that the EC will be settled within 4 years. So, we can realize that these hospitals are getting interested on the EC. On the other hand, I find that they prefer outside EC companies for the introduction of EC. 3. On the expected effects on EC, first is the effectiveness of the market survey. The next is to collect information of adequate price of products owing to clear transaction, find easier new suppliers and gather useful data. 4. On the external problems of the introduction of EC, there is low credibility related to the security and the weakness of suppliers' information system. Especially, on the Real Transaction Price Payment system, the bigger bed size, the higher understanding on these problems. On the internal problems of the introduction of EC, first is the burden of the introduction of EC and operating cost. Especially, on the burden of the disclosure of revenue source, the smaller bed size, the higher understanding on this problem So, this is a point which deserves my attention statistically. However, this shows relatively little understanding about incomplete the standard of product category and the weak information system of hospital. Through this study, I am going to suggest 3 points for the activation of the introduction of EC on hospitals. 1. The reform of the Real Transaction Price Payment System on medical supplies and materials for medical treatment 2. The establishment of the standard of product category 3. The promotion of information system based on network.