• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2011

In this study, we extracted a whole polysaccharide fraction from the sea hare, Aplysia kurodai, and screened its functional properties using cell lines. The functionalities of polysaccharide and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were investigated with RAW 264.7 cell lines. The crude polysaccharides and GAG purified DEAE-Sepharose chromatography did not show the toxicity on RAW 264.7 cell line in the range of $10\sim200{\mu}g$/mL, whereas they increased the cell growth rate. The crude polysaccharides and purified GAG also increased the production of NO, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ on RAW 264.7 cell. Particularly, the purified GAG inhibited the proliferation of stomach cancer cell line, AGS, up to 40% for 72 hr incubation, but not the intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cell lines.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.213-225
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• 2010

The objective of the current study was to determine factors influencing concentrations of protein-related blood metabolites in indigenous Nguni and crossbred cattle in the semi-arid communal rangelands in South Africa. The body condition scores (BCS), packed cell volume (PCV) and serum concentrations of protein-related metabolites were determined seasonally in 100 cattle raised on communal rangelands from August 2007 to May 2008. Nguni cattle had lower (p<0.05) albumin-globulin ratio, albumin, urea and creatinine, and higher (p<0.05) globulin concentrations than the local crossbreds. Local crossbreds had higher (p<0.05) alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations and lower (p<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in the postrainy season than Nguni cattle. The creatinine concentrations of Nguni and crossbred cattle were lowest in the sour rangeland during the hot-wet season. The albumin concentrations of Nguni and crossbred cattle were higher (p<0.05) whilst PCV, albumin-globulin ratio and creatine kinase concentration were lower (p<0.05) in the sour rangeland than in the sweet rangeland. Total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase concentrations of Nguni and crossbred cattle were lower (p<0.05) in the hot-wet and late cool-dry seasons than in other seasons across rangeland types. Urea concentrations in both breeds were highest in the sweet rangeland in the hot-dry season compared to other seasons. It was concluded that Nguni cattle had lower concentrations of protein metabolites than local crossbreds and protein deficiencies were most prominent in the sweet rangeland during the cool-dry seasons.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.708-718
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• 2010

The objective of the current study was to determine seasonal changes in glucose, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum inorganic phosphorous (SIP), calcium, magnesium and iron concentrations in Nguni and crossbred cattle on the sweet and sour rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Body weights, body condition scores (BCS) and serum concentrations of energy-related metabolites and mineral profiles were determined in late cool-dry, hot-dry, hot-wet, post-rainy and early cool-dry seasons in 100 cattle raised on communal rangelands from August 2007 to May 2008. Nguni cattle had lower (p<0.05) and higher (p<0.05) serum concentrations of glucose in the hot-wet and post-rainy seasons, respectively, compared to crossbreds in the same seasons. Serum cholesterol and NEFA concentrations in Nguni were lower (p<0.05) than in the crossbreds. Nguni and crossbred cattle had higher (p<0.05) serum NEFA concentrations on the sweet rangeland during the late cool-dry season than on sour rangeland. Nguni cattle had higher (p<0.05) SIP concentration in the hot-wet season than the crossbreds. Generally, both breeds had lowest SIP concentration during the hot-wet season on the sour rangeland. The lowest magnesium and highest iron concentrations were observed in the hot-wet and post-rainy seasons, respectively, compared to other seasons. Cattle on the sour rangeland had lower (p<0.05) iron concentrations than those on the sweet rangeland. It was concluded that Nguni cattle had lower cholesterol and NEFA, and higher SIP concentrations in the hot-wet season than crossbreds and energy deficits mostly occurred during the late cool-dry season on the sweet rangeland.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.372-378
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• 2011

We extracted polysaccharide from the sea hare, Aplysia kurodai, purified it partially, and experimented its immune response using the human blood lymphocytes and macrophage cell lines. Aplysia kurodai polysaccharide fraction (APF) improved the growth of the T cell (Jurkat) up to 40% by treatment for 48 hours, and decreased the growth of blood cancer, Jiyoye cell line. The APF on RAW 264.7 cell also increased interleukin-12 up to 47%. In contrast, the secretion of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma by treatment of only APF or APF and concanavalin A on Jurkat for 24 hours and 48 hours didn't influence significantly. These results suggest that the APF has possible immune regulating ability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.734-741
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in beef cattle that were subjected to handling prior to sampling. Methods: Twenty-one Nguni cows of three age categories; 5 to 7 yr (n = 7), 8 to 10 yr (n = 6), and 11 to 13 yr (n = 8) were handled for five consecutive weeks. In the pen, a human avoidance test was performed and cattle responses to restraint in the chute and crush were observed. In addition, rectal temperature readings were taken and, faecal samples were collected and analysed for glucocorticoid metabolites. Through the handling and restraint process, excretory and vocalisation behaviour, as a sign of stress were observed and recorded. Thereafter, six cows were randomly selected and subjected to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge. Blood and saliva samples were extracted to determine cortisol concentrations. Results: Repeated handling affected (p<0.05) faecal glucocorticoid metabolites, rectal temperatures, avoidance distance, crush scores as well as urination and defaecation behaviour. Acclimation to handling was variable based on each respective parameter. Saliva cortisol concentrations increased and decreased significantly (p<0.001). A peak value of $136.78{\pm}15.869nmol/L$ was observed 30min after administration of ACTH, from a baseline value of $8.75{\pm}15.869nmol/L$. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not differ (p>0.05) across the time of sampling. A low and insignificant correlation (r = 0.0131, p>0.05) between plasma and saliva cortisol was therefore observed. Conclusion: We conclude that if beef cows are subjected to handling prior to sampling, a weak relationship exists between plasma and salivary cortisol levels.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

With the emergence of SNS, TV, newspapers and radio, which are one-way communication media, have become less important. Therefore social networking enables social networking beyond the constraints of time and space, and communication and emotional communication required for social relations have emerged as a factor in the importance of social media. Social media, which is based on rapid connectivity and scalability, is an medium of expression that is advantageous for companies and consumers to communicate more easily than traditional advertising media. Advertising can form a consensus that consumers and companies can create an atmosphere of friendly conversation because of the social media that has the efficiency of communication. This study compares two ads. One is the advertisement of 'Bear and Hare', an animation of John Lewis department store in the UK, where a new form of advertising marketing strategy is fused with emotional storytelling and social media. The second is an advertisement of LG, 'I love you LG' to be. Social media should be remembered as a warm and loving company in the heart of customers through open communication with customers, rather than companies that pursue merit profits by using social media ads as a medium of emotional transmission to consumers. It is a study on useful advertising strategy that can pursue the sales of the company at the same time.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.725-727
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• 2012

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.129.1-129
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• 2001

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.46.1-46
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• 2001

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.10b
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• pp.189.1-189
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text