• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.3-17
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• 1990

The Caustious blasting have often increased Complaints of ground Vibration and Sound when the Wire-Tunnel Constructed in Pusan. In order to prevent the influence to housing structure, it was necessary to predict blasting-Induced Vibration and Sound. The Suveyer determined the Burden and spacing of Drill holes, minimum delay charges within a allowable Vibration and Sound Level. Tunnel drilling and Ignition patterns are made as follows; No. 1 Tunel (Stable rock, hard rock) No.2 Tunnel (Instable plastic rock; wethered rock) and other Tunnels (Instable rock). The result of 1st testing blasting of No. 1 Tunnel was recorded Under allowable Vibration Level but sound was over 75 Db of allowable value. So Tunnel drilling pattern was amended with 52 Non-charg holes to reduce the blast-sound. The other pattern had no need to amend.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2019

There have been developed a number of methods to assess the abrasivity of rock materials with the increased use of mechanized rock excavation. These methods range from determination of abrasive and hard mineral content using petrographic thin section analysis to weight loss or development of wear flat on a specified cutting tool. The Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI) test has been widely accepted for the assessment of rock abrasiveness. This test has been considered to provide a reliable indication of rock abrasiveness for isotropic rocks. However, a great amount of rocks in nature are anisotropic. Hence, viability assessment of Cerchar abrasivity test for the anisotropic rocks is investigated in this research. The relationship between CAI value and quartz content for the isotropic rocks is well known in literature. However, a correlation between EQ, F-Schimazek value, Rock Abrasivity Index (RAI) and CAI of anisotropic rocks such as phyllite was done first time in literature with this research. The results obtained with this research show F-Schimazek values and RAI values should be considered when determination of the abrasivity of anisotropic rocks instead of just using Cerchar scratch test.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2024

This paper presents a geomechanical framework for designing and optimizing layout patterns of cutterheads for rock Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs), aiming to enhance their engineering performance. By examining the forces and moments exerted by rock, the study addresses geometric constraints associated with cutter boxes in key regions of the cutterhead, including the center, face, and gage areas, as well as the three-dimensional effects of cutterhead curvature on the geometric constraints of the back of the cutter boxes in the gage area. Novel formulas are proposed for determining the center points of cutter boxes and calculating both the minimum angular spacing and distance spacing between consecutive cutter boxes along a spiral path. The paper outlines an optimized layout design process for four cutterhead configurations: random, random paired, radial, and double spiral designs. Examples are provided to illustrate the results of applying these designs. The findings underscore the efficacy of the proposed methods in achieving a uniform and symmetrical distribution of cutters and buckets on the cutterhead surface. This approach effectively eliminates boundary overlap and minimizes unbalanced forces and moments. From a geomechanical standpoint, this framework offers a robust strategy for enhancing the performance and reliability of TBM cutterheads in rock tunneling operations.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

원형수직구의 경우 지형적인 요인과 지반의 불균질성으로 인하여 등분포의 대칭하중이 작용하는 경우보다는 비대칭의 편하중이 작용하는 경우가 많을 것으로 예상된다. 지금까지 지반조건에 따른 원형수직구 벽체에 작용하는 편하중 산정을 위한 정량적인 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 불연속암반의 불균질성을 고려한 불연속체 해석을 통하여 이방성 거동에 따른 원형수직구 벽체에 작용하는 편하중 분포특성을 분석하였다. 또한, 깊이에 따른 암반등급 및 초기응력이 편하중에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 검토 결과 절리특성에 따라 양호한 경암반에서는 25%이하의 편하중이 발생하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 수직구 깊이에 따른 암반등급의 영향을 검토한 결과 경암의 편하중비는 25%이하, 연암에서는 $30%{\sim}40%$로 나타났다. 또한, 풍화가 진행된 파쇄연암의 편하중비는 $40{\sim}50%$로 나타났다. 깊이 100m의 경암반에 대하여 초기응력을 나타내는 측압계수(Ko)를 변수로 한 불연속체 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과 측압계수가 2.0보다 작은 경우의 편하중비는 약 25%의 값을 나타내나 측압계수가 2.0보다 큰 경우에는 편하중비가 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.505-518
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• 2021

The present paper has been carried out to understand the effects of impact loading on the rock tunnels, constructed in different region corresponding to varying unconfined compressive strength (UCS), through finite element method. The UCS of rockmass has substantial role in the stability of rock tunnels under impact loading condition due to falling rocks or other objects. In the present study, Dolomite, Shale, Sandstone, Granite, Basalt, and Quartzite rocks have been taken into consideration for understanding of the effect of UCS that vary from 2.85 MPa to 207.03 MPa. The Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model has been considered in the present study for the nonlinear elastoplastic analysis for all the rocks surrounding the tunnel opening. The geometry and boundary conditions of the model remains constant throughout the analysis and missile has 100 kg of weight. The general hard contact has been assigned to incorporate the interaction between different parts of the model. The present study focuses on studying the deformations in the rock tunnel caused by impacting load due to missile for tunnels having different concrete grade, and steel grade. The broader range of rock strength depicts the strong relationship between the UCS of rock and the extent of damage produced under different impact loading conditions. The energy released during an impact loading simulation shows the variation of safety and serviceability of the rock tunnel.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 KURT (KAERI 지하처분연구시설)를 포함한 지하연구시설에서 핵종 및 콜로이드 이동에 대한 연구현황을 조사하였다. 화강암과 같은 결정질 암반층에 건설된 해외 지하연구시설들을 간략하게 소개하고 비교하였다. 특히 Grimsel Test Site (GTS)와 $\ddot{A}$sp$\ddot{o}$ Hard Rock Laboratory에서의 핵종 및 콜로이드 이동연구에 대한 주요 국제공동연구의 연구항목 및 내용, 진행중인 연구 프로젝트, 연구계획 등에 대해 조사하였다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.230-242
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• 2017

이 연구에서는 국내 토목현장에서 수행된 하향식 탄성파탐사 및 굴절법 탄성파탐사 자료(177개)와 시추조사 시료(1,035개)에 대해 연암과 경암(보통암 포함)으로 분류한 후, 건설표준품셈과 지반조사표준품셈의 탄성파 속도에 의한 암반분류 기준을 비교하였다. 현장에서의 하향식 탄성파탐사 및 굴절법 탄성파탐사에 의한 탄성파 속도는 연암의 경우 1,400~2,900 m/s의 범위로 건설표준품셈 A그룹(1,200~1,900 m/s)과 지반조사표준품셈(1,200~2,500 m/s)의 기준보다 빠르게 나타났으며, 보통암과 경암의 경우 2,300~3,800 m/s의 범위로 기준범위와 유사하게 나타나는 것으로 나타났다. 실내암석시험에서 구해진 연암과 보통암~경암의 탄성파속도 또한 현장 탐사 결과와 유사한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 암반 탄성파 속도와 품셈간의 상이점을 품셈이 절대적으로 옳다는 관점에서 본다면, 현장 탄성파 속도의 경우 하부지반의 영향을 받아 속도가 빨라지는 것과 실내암석시험의 경우에는 연암구간에서의 시료선별 시 무결암의 선별에 의한 것으로 여길 수 있다. 반대로 상이점의 원인을 품셈에 오류가 있는 것으로 본다면, 품셈상의 지층경계가 점이적이지 않은 뚜렷한 경계가 인위적으로 설정된 점, 지질 양상이 다른 외국의 기준을 그대로 차용하여 사용한다는 점, 품셈상 지층의 탄성파 속도에 대한 독립된 검증이 이루어지지 않은 점 등의 문제가 있음을 알 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 현장에서의 향후 이러한 검증 연구를 제안하며, 널리 쓰이는 품셈에 의한 지층분류에는 내포된 문제가 있음에 대한 인식이 중요하다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.299-314
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• 2015

Submersed rock-berm structures are frequently used for protection of underwater lifelines such as pipelines and power cables. During the service life, the rock-berm structure can experience several accidental loads such as anchor collision. The consequences can be severe with a certain level of frequency; hence, the structural responses should be carefully understood for implementing a proper structural health monitoring method. However, no study has been made to quantify the structural responses because it is hard to deal with the individual behavior of each rock. Therefore, this study presents a collision analysis of the submersed rock-berm structure using a finite element software package by facilitating the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The analysis results were compared with those obtained from the Lagrange method. Moreover, two types of anchors (stock anchor and stockless anchor), three collision points and two different drop velocities (terminal velocity of each anchor and 5 m/s) were selected to investigate the changes in the responses. Finally, the effect of these parameters (analysis method, anchor type, collision point and drop velocity) on the analysis results was studied. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the SPH method is verified, a safe rock-berm height (over 1 m) is proposed, and a gauge point (0.5 m above the seabed) is suggested for a structural health monitoring implementation.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.397-404
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• 2017

In this study, an anchor dragging simulation was performed using the CEL method to design a rock-berm, which is a protection method for submarine cables. In order to simulate an anchor drag, preliminary simulations were first performed to determine the initial anchor penetration depth, anchor drag velocity, drag angle, and distance between the anchor and rock-berm. Based on the preceding simulation results, a safe rock-berm design for protecting the submarine cables was simulated to calculate the anchor penetration depth by the anchor dragging. As a result, the penetration depth of the anchor was found to be shallower in a hard seabed, and the penetration depth was deeper in a soft seabed, the height of the rock-berm was determined according to the physical properties of the seabed.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.277-284
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• 2000

Using the large diameter (D ＝ 2,500mm, L ＝ 40m) batter steel pipe piles, designed as compression piles but used as reaction piles during the static compression load test of socketed test piles (D ＝ 1,000mm, L ＝ 40m), static pile load tests for large diameter instrumented rock-socketed piles were performed. The reaction steel pipe piles were driven 20m into the marine deposit and weathered rock layer and then l0m socketed with reinforced concrete through the weathered rock layer and into hard rock layer. Steel pipe and concrete in the steel pile part, and concrete and rebars in the socketed parts were instrumented to measure strains in each part. The pullout amounts of reaction pile heads were also measured with LVDT. During the static pile load test, total compressional load of about 20MN was loaded on the head of test piles, but load above 20MN was not loaded due to lack of loading capacity of loading system. Over the course of the study, maximum pullout amount up to 7mm was measured in the heads of reaction piles when loaded op to 10MN and 1mm of pullout amount was measured. More than 85% of pullout load was transfered in the residual weathered rock layer and about 10% in the soft rock layer, which was somewhat different transfer mechanism in the static compressional load tests.