• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the effect of Dohongsamul-tang (DHSMT) on the production of various cytokines in lipopolysaccaride (LPS) stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CI patients. Methods: Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. ELISA was carried out for investigating $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, and $TGF-{\beta}$ 1 Results : The amount of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, and transforming growth factor(TGF)-${\beta}$ 1 in PBMC culture supernatant significantly increased in the LPS treated cells compared to unstimulated cells. We show that DHSMT inhibited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-4 induced by LPS in a dose dependent manner. The maximal inhibition rate of the TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-4 production by pretreatment of DHSMT (1.0mg/ml) was 38.52 ${\pm}$ 2.5% (P < 0.01), 44.02 ${\pm}$ 3.5% (P < 0.05), 45.32 ${\pm}$ 2.3% (P < 0.01), 42.30 ${\pm}$ 3.1% (P < 0.05), and 49.70　${\pm}$　3.1%(P ＆lt; 0.05), respectively. On the other hand, DMSMT significantly increased the LPS-induced TGF-${\beta}$ 1 production(P<0.05). Conclusions : Taken together. these results suggest that DHSMT might have regulatory effects on cytokine production, which might explain its beneficial effect in the treatment of CI.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a pioneering concept of DPD(Disaster Prevention Design) to realize a securable society in the future. Features of danger in the future society are expected to be diverse, abrupt occurring, large scale, and complicated ways. Due to increment of dangers with their features of uncertainty, interactivity, complexity, and accumulation, human-oriented design concept naturally participates in activities to prevent our society against disasters effectively. We presented DPD is an essential design activity in order to cope with dangers expected in the future societies as well as realize securable environments. DPD is also an integrated design aids including preemptive protections, rapid preparing, recovery, and interactive cooperation. We also expect these activities of DPD is effective for generation of new values in the market, satisfaction of social needs, expansion of design industry, and a novel chance for development in the future society. Throughout this paper, we submit various aspects of DPD concepts including definition, classification, scope, necessity, strategy, influencing elements, process, and its principle. We expect these concepts will be the seed and/or basement of DPD research for the future works. For the direction of study for DPD in the future, we emphasize alarm system for preemptive protection rather than recovery strategy for the damage occurred. We also need to research about progressive prevention techniques and convergence with other areas of design. In order to transfer the concept of product design from facility-oriented mechanism to human-oriented one, we should develop new kinds of city basis facilities, public-sense design concepts referred to social weak-party, e-Learning content design preparing disasters, and virtual simulation design etc. On the other hand, we have to establish laws and regulations to force central and/or provincial governments to have these DPD strategies applying their regional properties. Modern design activities are expanding to UI(user interface) content design area overcoming the conventional design concept of product and/or service. In addition, designers are recognized as art directors or life stylists who will change the human life and create the social value. DPD can be divided into prevention design, preparedness design, response design, and recovery design. Five strategies for successful DPD are Precaution-oriented, Human-oriented, Sense-oriented, Legislation, and Environment Friendly Strategies.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.82-89
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• 1998

During the boom of museum building in the 1970s-80s two museum wee erected in Germany. They are James Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and hans Hollein's Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Monchengladbach, These two museums share the folowing point of similarity : Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and Hollein's Staditisches Museum Abetiberg Monchenbladbach both manifest the conditions of the times in light of their respective cities' local characters and historical contexts without being bound to traditional formality. Stirling and Hollein attempted to grasp the meaning of the 기nuseum as a city in miniature." Taking into account the t two museums’s territorial characteristics of being situated on a slope, both Stirling and Hollein made the walker to pass t through their building complex and introduced the concept of a public square within them. As a result, the museums are not j just two large buildings but are architecture composed of a collage of various structures. S Stirling’s architecture employs the method of attaching additional elements on top of basic constituents, which is suggestive '||'&'||'#61551; of the historical fragment from Shinkel's Altes Museum. On the other hand, Hollein applies a collage-style method as if he w were doing urban planning, maintaining the distinctiveness of each of the various forms and materials of buildings. T The object style buildings of the two museums actively demonstrate the contrast of double meaning to represent the a ambiguous and multifarious characteristics of the modern times. Stirling explores the theme of opposition and coexistence in h his Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart by placing a series of opposing concepts, such as the past and present and histor${\gamma}$ and t technology, in one space. Thereby, the contradiction and its appeal are manifested. Hollein made use of the visual illusion and c contradiction in alluding to the irony of the modern reality induced by nature and culture and history and technology. F For the above reasons and methods, James Stirling ’ s Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart allowed the penetration of art into daily l life and became the general public’s favored museum for its free and unrestrained environment. Likewise, Hans Hollein’s S Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Moncbengladbach contribute to the development of museum function as it an expression of art i in the form of a complex piece of scupture on its own.ts own.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.801-809
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• 2002

CSBHT is known to improve immunological response in mice and humans. In this study, CSBHT effect was examined in the context of CD4+ T cells' survival and TCR/CD3 induced activation responses. Spleen cells from 8 week BALB/c mice were cultured in CSBHT containing medium without activation for 24, 48 hr. The MTS assay and revealed that CSBHT did not stimulate spleen lymphocytes as mitogen. Spleen lymphocytes were treated with anti-CD3e/anti-CD28 antibodies for 48hr. Flow cytometry revealed that activity of T cell decreased with CSBHT concentration. CD4+ T cells were isolated and cultured ,in CSBHT containing medium for 48 hr. CSBHT did not affect survival of sorted CD4+ T cells without any involvement of APC. In order to evaluate the direct effect of CSBHT on helper T cells's proliferative capacity prior to activation, CD4+ T cells are isolated after 24hr of culture in CSBHT containing medium and activated with and without anti-CD3e/anti-CD28 activation for 48hr. A higher level of CD69 was observed in 1 ㎍/㎖ of CSBHT treatment than control using flow cytometry. But low CD69 expression was observed in 5㎍/㎖ of CSBHT treatment. Expression of mRNA for cytokines in CD4+ T cell revealed that IL-2 expression was increased in 1 ㎍/㎖. The expression of IL-2R α, INF- γ were increased with concentration. On the other hand mRNA of IL-4 was decreased in dose dependent manner. Results suggest that CSBHT may be desirable for CD4+ T cell's activity in immune responses. Further more, CSBHT may relatively activate Th1 and inactivate Th2.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2020

In the study, we investigated the effect of Taurine-F^TM, which is a commercially available fishery nutritional supplements complex, on anti-hepatotoxicity stressed with thioacetamide (TAA) and innate immune responses in olive flounder. To investigate the change in liver toxicity, firstly, TAA (30 ppm/100 g of fish) was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered 12 hr after the intramuscular (i.m.) injection of Taurine-F^TM (0.02 ml/100 g of fish)(Taurine/TAA). Secondly, Taurine-F^TM was i.m. injected 24 hr after the administration of TAA (TAA/Taurine). Finally, TAA was administered simultaneously with Taurine-F^TM (TAA+Taurine). All blood samples were collected 24 hr after injection. GOT level in group Taurine/TAA appeared similar to the control, whereas group TAA/Taurine and TAA+Taurine showed significantly increased (p<0.05) levels compared to the control. In GPT level, group Taurine/TAA and TAA/Taurine showed elevated levels compared to the control, whereas no significant difference was observed between group TAA+Taurine and the control. Serum ACH₅₀ activity was significantly (p<0.05) augmented 24 hr after Taurine-F^TM injection compared to the control group, whereas no significant increase was observed 48 hr after Taurine-F^TM injection. On the other hand, serum lysozyme activity elevated in an acute stressed condition appeared significantly down-regulated 24 and 48 hr after Taurine-F^TM injection compared to the control. In conclusion, i.m. injected Taurine-F^TM augmented flounder serum complement activity and decreased a possible handling stress resulting in reducing a serum lysozyme activity and recovering hepatotoxicity. Thus, it is assumed that i.m. injection of Taurine-F^TM mixed with antibiotics or available vaccines could be utilized as an anti-hepatotoxic recipe in fish culture industry.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.13
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• pp.45-65
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• 2008

The animation industries of Korea and China shares the effort for transition from work-for-hire Industry Into creative industry. In spite of similar industry background and characteristics, and the aggressive government policy to support this industry transition at the same point of time, the current status of animation industries in Korea and China are showing very different statistics as of the end of 2007. The production amount of Chinese original animation has grown rapidly since 2004, which has made China the top class country in the world in original animation production amount, and more than 600 million audience of Chinese TV animation has firmly established the Chinese domestic animation market basis. On the other hand, despite the Korean government support, original animation production of Korea has been showing a slow and sluggish growth, and Korean animations are losing the domestic market basis with only 1% TV ratings due to unfavourable Korean TV stations' programming practices against Korean animations. This different status of animation Industries of two countries are the result of different government policies and the fallacy of Korean government. While the Chinese government has focused its industry policy on the facilitating the domestic market by establishing the stable broadcasting TV distribution and encouraging the animation production through organic cooperation between related government agencies, Korean government spent lots of effort into facilitating the development of original animation projects, without cooperative structure In the government, and without sincere consideration on the importance of establishment of domestic market consumer basis.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.505-528
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• 2004

We have reproduced the records of lunar occultation recorded in the History of Three Kingdoms(삼국사기), the History of the Koryo Dynasty (고려사), the Annals of the Choson Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄), the Daily Records of Royal Secretariat of the Choson Dynasty (승정원일기), and obtained the epochs of their realizations. We analysed these results to understand how the system of hours had been kept and when a day began. During most of the periods encompassed by these annals, the 12 double hours(12진각법) and the system of 100 divisions of the day (백각법) had been used when the lunar and the solar eclipses were calculated by royal astronomers. In these systems, the starting point of a day is midnight. On the other hand, the five watch system of hours (경점법), in which a night is divided into five watches, was also used. In this system, a day begins at the sunrise. We found that the traditional twilight, called dusk and dawn (혼명) and used in the east Asian countries, largely corresponds to the nautical twilight in modern concepts. This fact means that the Korean expressions and words for time system in every day life had originated form the five watch system of hours. We pointed out that the sunrise and sunset were convenient boundary lines to ancient astronomers, as well as to farmers in the agricultural society. Our results can be used to determine the exact epoch of each astronomical record in chronicles.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.421-447
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• 2014

Traditional medicine has been integrated into the national health system in many countries such as Korea, China, Taiwan, etc. Korea and China are most representative among them. The purpose of this study is to compare the policies on traditional medicine in Korea and China focusing on where it came from and where it is headed. In this regard, the study suggested the first analysis tool in the world for analyzing the policy of traditional medicine. The results of the study are as follows: First of all, the development process of Korean Medicine (KM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) shows the same pattern, that is, both are influenced by its own national policies. Secondly, the difference between the two countries is due to the gap in the development status or the different aspects in national heath system. TCM is more vitalized in health system and has larger category, and stays ahead in globalization compared to KM. TCM covers Chinese medicine, integrative medicine and ethno-medicine. Korea emphasizes the role of KM in the declining birthrate and aging society, and promotes the overseas patient invitation strategy. China, on the other hand, establishes the medical system for emergency medical treatment and preventive treatment of major diseases and promotes overseas expansion of TCM service. In addition, Korea stressed the safety and distribution of herbal medicine, and China emphasizes production technologies. Korea has a strong medical device industry along with the government's fostering policy; however, in China, medical devices are in the R&D stage yet. Even though both countries promotes the drug development from natural products, Korea focuses on developing herbal cosmetics in application industry, but China shows weakness in policies on application industry. China shores up the foundation for culture and theory of traditional medicine, while Korea doesn't have related policy. Korea places emphasis on promoting collaboration with international organizations and medical volunteer programs, whereas China is more interested in mutual cooperation and real trade with other countries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.542-550
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• 2020

A stream serve the functions of different water utilization, flood control, and the environment, and contributes to the development of national life and culture. On the other hand, it is difficult to efficiently evaluate various projects, such as effectiveness verification and comparison between projects, because the evaluation procedures and evaluation techniques of projects are not uniform and different for each institution. Therefore, a standardization technology was developed for a post-assessment of stream projects that can recognize stream problems and comprehensively evaluate stream-related projects. To this end, various projects, such as project evaluation techniques, national R&D projects, and social welfare projects, were compared and analyzed, and the standardization stages of the project were first suggested. In addition, based on the standardization stage, the evaluation indices for each stage were derived to develop an evaluation table that can evaluate stream-related projects comprehensively. Finally, it is possible to prevent the repeated use of failure factors in the planned projects.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.252-260
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• 2008

This study was conducted to observe the characteristics of mineral nutrient uptake of single-node cutting rose 'Versilla' and to determine optimal nutrient solution control method for soilless culture of 'Versilla' in a closed hydroponic system. Nutrient solution was managed by five different control methods: macro- and micro-element control in aeroponic system (M&M), macroelement control in aeroponic system (M), nutrient solution supplement in aeroponic system (S); electrical conductivity (EC) control in aeroponic system(EC-A); EC control in deep flow technique system(EC-D). The concentration of $NO_3$-N exceeds optimal range whereas P and Mg decreased at the later stage of plant growth with the EC control method, EC-A and EC-D. The overall mineral nutrient content increased with S. On the other hand the nutrient content at the root environment was maintained optimal with M&M and M. The nutrient solution control methods had significantly effect on the cut-flower quality. In the M&M and M, flower length, fresh weight and root activity were higher than those with the other mineral nutrients control methods. The maximal efficiency of photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was higher for M&M, M and S than that with EC-A and EC-D. Based on the above results, it is highly recommended to control nutrient solution by mineral nutrient control methods (M&M and M) in a closed hydroponic system for single-node cutting rose, 'Versillia'.