• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.129-138
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• 2012

Allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis and asthma are common hyper-immune disorders in industrialized countries. Along with genetic association, environmental factors and gut microbiota have been suggested as major triggering factors for the development of atopic dermatitis. Numerous studies support the association of hygiene hypothesis in allergic immune disorders that a lack of early childhood exposure to diverse microorganism increases susceptibility to allergic diseases. Among the symbiotic microorganisms (e.g. gut flora or probiotics), probiotics confer health benefits through multiple action mechanisms including modification of immune response in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Although many human clinical trials and mouse studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics in diverse immune disorders, this effect is strain specific and needs to apply specific probiotics for specific allergic diseases. Herein, we briefly review the diverse functions and regulation mechanisms of probiotics in diverse disorders.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.1 s.137
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• pp.87-89
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• 2006

A 55-year old Korean man, living in Mokpo-city, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea, visited a local clinic complaining of right upper quadrant pain and indigestion. At colonoscopy, he was diagnosed as having a carcinoma of the ascending colon, and thus, a palliative right hemicolectomy was performed. Subsequently, an adult fluke of Gymnophalloides seoi was incidentally found in a surgical pathology specimen of the lymph node around the colon. The worm was found to have invaded gut lymphoid tissue, with characteristic morphologies of a large oral sucker, a small ventral sucker, and a ventral pit surrounded by strong muscle fibers. This is the first reported case of mucosal tissue invasion by G. seoi in the human intestinal tract.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2020

From 2006 to 2009, 50 pigs suspected of enteritis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) (EAPC) were collected. Gross and histopathologic examinations and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on the small intestine of 50 pigs. The pigs with EAPC were concentrated in grower pigs (68%), and diarrhea (84%) was the most common clinical sign. Grossly, the walls of the small intestine were thickened, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The histopathologic features in the small intestine with EAPC were characterized by lymphoid depletion, histiocytic infiltration, and formation of basophilic grape-like inclusion bodies and multinucleated giant cells in gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) and lamina propria. According to IHC, PCV-2 antigens were more intense and distributed widely in GALT (98%) than lamina propria (82%) of the small intestine. Co-infection with other enteric pathogens was detected in 26 pigs (52%). Twenty-four pigs (48%) were confirmed to be a PCV-2 single infection. Collectively, infected PCV-2 in the small intestine may induce an immunosuppressive status of individuals and then allow secondary co-infections in the digestive system. This study shows that PCV-2 can induce diarrhea and enteric lesions in pigs without a co-infection of other enteric pathogens.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.825-834
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• 2022

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease that is in increasing incidence. The gut, which contains the largest amount of lymphoid tissue in the human body, as well as a wide range of nervous system components, is integral in ensuring intestinal homeostasis and function. By interacting with gut microbiota, immune cells, and the enteric nervous system, the intestinal barrier, which is a solid barrier, protects the intestinal tract from the external environment, thereby maintaining homeostasis throughout the body. Destruction of the intestinal barrier is referred to as developing a "leaky gut," which causes a series of changes relating to the occurrence of IBD. Changes in the interactions between the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota are particularly crucial in the development of IBD. Exploring the leaky gut and its interaction with the gut microbiota, immune cells, and the neuroimmune system may help further explain the pathogenesis of IBD and provide potential therapeutic methods for future use.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2018

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are known as significant immunosuppressive viruses in pigs. In this study, we investigated the correlation of PCV2 and PRRSV in enteric lesions of porcine salmonellosis. A total of 64 cases were classified into four pig groups as group A (24 cases, S. Typhimurium), group B (11 cases, S. Typhimurium+PCV2), group C (16 cases, S. Typhimurium+PRRSV) and group D (13 cases, S. Typhimurium+PCV2+PRRSV). Comparing with group A, ulcerative enteritis in large intestine was little more prevalent in the PCV2 infected pigs in group B and D. And lymphoid depletion in gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) of large intestine was also detected in PCV2 positive group B (36.4%) and D (30.8%). According to the results of immunohistochemistry (IHC), PCV2 antigens (83.3%) were more prevalently distributed in the intestinal lesions of porcine salmonellosis than PRRSV antigens (10.3%). PCV2 were also detected in the lymphoid depleted GALT of the large intestine from 7 of the 8 pigs (87.5%), but PRRSV were not found in all cases. It may explain that PCV2 can play a certain immunological role to enhance secondary bacterial infection in porcine alimentary tracts.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

The intestinal immune system can discriminate between harmful and unharmful antigens and do not provoke productive immunity to unharmful antigen. Thus oral administration of antigen is one of classical methods for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in the periphery. Furthermore, oral tolerance has been investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders in human clinical trials. However, the detail mechanism of oral tolerance and contributing factors are not defined clearly at this time. Recent studies demonstrate unique types of immune cell that suppressing immune response, such as regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell. This article reviews the factors involved in oral tolerance and discusses our current understanding base on the recent literatures and our works.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2002

Since 1993, the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) disease occurred in China among cultured shrimps resulting in mass mortality. Epizootiological surveys undertaken during the outbreak period of 1993-1994 indicated that all stages of Penaeus chinensis, P. japonicus and P. monodon were infected. Consequent to the transport of contaminated shrimp seedlings and seawater, the disease spread all over the farms of China. The disease was more rapidly transmitted at temperatures above $25^{\circ}C$. Challenge experiments showed the causative agent was highly virulent. White spots appeared on the carapace of both span-taneous and experimentally infected shrimps. Moribund shrimps contained turbid hemolymph, hypertrophied Iymphoid organ and a necrotic mid-gut gland. Electron microscopy showed the presence of viral particles in the gills, stomach, lymphoid organ, and epidermal tissue of the infected shrimp. The visions were slightly ovoid with an envelope and averaged 350 $\times$ 150 nm; nucleocapsids measured 375 $\times$ 157 nm. With discontinuous sucrose gradient of 35, 50 and 60% (w/v), the virus was separated from hemolymph of the infected shrimp. The estimated molecular weight of genomic DNA was 237 Kb with EcoR I, 247 Kb with Hind III and 241kb with Pst I. A total of 9 hybridoma colones secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced from mouse myeloma and spleen cells immunized with WSSV. The immunofluorescence assay of gill tissue showed that the MAbs reacted with diseased but not with healthy shrimp. The MAbs belonged to IgGl, IgG2b subclass and IgM class, all with kappa light Immune-electron-microscopy with colloidal gold marker showed the presence of 5 MAbs epitopes on the envelope and one on the capsid of the virus. Baculoviral mid-gut gland necrosis showed the specificity of the MAbs produced. For diagnosis 5 different methods were selected. Using Kimura primers for PCR, or MAbs for immunoblot, ELISA or FAT method, in situ hybridization was carried out to show the gene. All these methods detected WSSV in the organ samples of the diseased shrimp but not in healthy one.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 2002

Although there are many reports on the splenic (systemic) T cell response after Toxoptasma gondii infection, little information is available regarding the local T cell responses of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and gut intraepithelial Iymphocytes (IEL) following peroral infection with bradyzoites. Mice were infected with 40 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, and then sacrificed at days 0, 1, 4, 7 and 10 postinfection (PI). The cellular composition and T cell responses of PEC and IEL were analyzed. The total number of PEC and IEL per mouse increased after infection, but the ratio of increase was higher in IEL. Lymphocytes were the major component of both PEC and IEL. The relative percentages of PEC macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased signiflcantly at day 1 and 4 PI, whereas those of IEL did not change significantly. The percentage of PEC NK1.1 and ${\gamma\delta}T$ cells peaked at day 4 PI (p < 0.0001), and CD4 and $CD8{\alpha}T$ cells increased continuously after infection. The percentages of IEL $CD8{\alpha}$ and ${\gamma\delta}T$ cells decreased slightly at first, and then increased. CD4 and NK1.1 T cells of IEL did not change significantly after infection. $IFN-{\gamma}-producing$ PEC NK1.1 T cells increased significantly from day 1 PI, but the other T cell subsets produced $IFN-{\gamma}$ abundantly thereafter. The proportion of IEL $IFN-{\gamma}-producing$ $CD8{\alpha}$ and ${\gamma\delta}T$ cells increased significantly after infection, while IEL NK1.1 T cells had similar $IFN-{\gamma}$ production patterns. Taken together, CD4 T cells were the major phenotype and the important $IFN-{\gamma}$ producing T cell subsets in PEC after oral infection with T. gondii whereas $CD8{\alpha}T$ cells had these roles in IEL. These results suggest that PEC and IEL comprise different cell differentials and T cell responses, and according to infection route these factors may contribute to the different cellular immune responses.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1996

경구적으로 투여된 항원에 대해서 특이적으로 T세포의 기능과 항체산생이 억제되는 현상이 경구면역관용(oral tolerance)인 것이다. 지금까지 해석이 곤란하였던 이 현상에 대해서 최근 분자생물학적인 기법이 적용되기 시작한 결과, 이 현상에 관여하는 세포가 주로 $CD8^+$ T세포에의한 억제 혹은 $CD4^+$T세포의 불응답(unresponsiveness)에 기인하다는 것이 명백해졌다. 또한 각종 cytokine중 IFN$\gamma$, TGF$\beta$, IL-10 등이 이 현상에 있어 중요한 역할을 담당한다는 것이 밝혀지고 있다. 사실 경구면역관용은 말초면역관용을 야기한다는 것이 오래전부터 알려진 한 방도이다. 경구적으로 투여된 항원이 관용을 야기하는 일차적인 기전은 능동적인 억제의 발생 혹은 clone성 anergy(과민증에 대한 무감증)에 의거하는 것이다. 낮은 량의 경구투여항원은 능동적인 억제를 야기하기 쉬우나 반대로 높은 양의 경구투여항원은 clone성 anergy를 야기하는 경향이 있다. 능동적인 억제를 매개하는 조절세포는 경구면역관용에 의해서 격발된 후 TGF$\beta$및 IL-4와 같은 억제성 cytokine의 분비에 의해서 능동적 억제작용을 한다. 더구나 GALT(gut-associated lymphoid tissue)를 선별적으로 자극하는 항원은 Th2형 세포반응을 발생한다. 또한 이와같은 유도기구의 해석과 동시에 사람에서 면역반응의 이상으로 야기되는 관절 rheumatism이나 다발성경화증(multiple sclerosis) 그리고 각종 allergy도 이 경구면역관용을 이용하여 치료하는 것이 가능하게 되었다는 것이다.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.446-451
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• 2010

We investigated whether oral administration with capsicum extract (Capsicum annuum var. cheongyang) would affect the immune system by examining the immune cells of Peyer's patch (PP), a gut associated lymphoid tissue, ex vivo. The mice were orally administrated with capsicum extract (100 mg/kg/day), capsaicin (10 mg/Kg), and the vehicle for four consecutive days, and PPs were isolated from intestines 2 days later. When the PP cells were cultured in the presence of Concanavalin A for 72 hr, the levels of cytokines, including IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma]$, were dramatically increased, while the levels of IL-4 remained unchanged compared with the control. Data from the FACS analysis of PP cells indicated that capsicum extract significantly increased the number of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells as well as CD 19+ B cells compared with the control but not CD11b+ cells. Furthermore, the percentages of IL-2+ /CD4+ cells and IFN-${\gamma}+$/CD4+ were greatly increased. These data suggested that oraladministration with capsicum extract might activate the CD4+ T cells leading to cytokine production as well as CD19+ B cells in Peyer's patches. As such, capsicum extract might have potential as an immune modulating agent.