• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1989

The experiments were carried out to compare the growth characteristics of excised seminal roots in Japonica type, Indica- Japonica hybrids and its parents. Based on the modified culture medium by Kawata et al., several levels of pH. sucrose and casamino acid were varied in the culture media. The excised root length at 27$^{\circ}C$ incubator was little different between Japonica type and Indica-Japonica hybrids, but at 30$^{\circ}C$ incubator the excised root elongation of Indica-Japonica hybrids was much better than that of Japonica type. The dry matter weight of excised root in Indica- Japonica hybrids was significantly heavier than in Japonica type at both 27 and 30$^{\circ}C$ incubators. The difference of dry root weight between Japonica type and Indica- Japonica hybrids was caused from the number of lateral roots, especially the root numbers of 25 cm length. The main and lateral seminal root growth of Japonica type grew best at the lot of 0.2 percent casamino acid. However, the lots of 0 and 0.2 percent casamino acid showed good results in the main and lateral excised root growth. respectively of Indica-Japonica hydrids. The growth of excised roots was better in Indica-Japonica hybrids than in Japonica type at even various levels of pH, sucrose and casamino acid. Between the parents of Indica - Japonica hybrids, the excised root growth of Indica type was more predominant than that of Japonica type, and the effect of casamino acid on the excised root growth in the formar was similar to that of Indica type. This result indicated that the growth characteristics of excised seminal roots in Indica Japonica hybrids were derived from the parent, Indica type.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.367-381
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish a mother and child cohort in the Chinese population, and investigate human breastmilk (HBM) composition and its relationship with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant growth during the first 3 mon of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 101 Chinese mother and infant pairs were included in this prospective cohort. Alterations in the milk macronutrients of Chinese mothers at 1 mon (T1), 2 mon (T2), and 3 mon (T3) lactation were analyzed. HBM fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and HBM proteomic profiling was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS: During the first 3 mon of lactation (P < 0.05), significant decreases were determined in the levels of total energy, fat, protein, and osteopontin (OPN), as well as ratios of long-chain saturated FA (including C16:0, C22:0 and C24:0), monounsaturated FA (including C16:1), and n-6 poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) (including C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6, and n-6/n-3). Conversely, butyrate, C6:0 and n-3 PUFA C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) were significantly increased during the first 3 mon (P < 0.05). HBM proteomic analyses distinguished compositional protein differences over time (P = 0.001). Personalized motherinfant analyses demonstrated that HBM from high BMI mothers presented increased total energy, fat, protein and OPN, and increased content of n-6 PUFA (including C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with low BMI mothers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMI of the mothers positively correlated with the head circumference (HC) of infants as well as the specific n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 over the 3 time points examined. Infant HC was negatively associated with C18:0. CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence to the Chinese HBM database, and further knowledge of FA function. It also helps to establish future maternal strategies that support the healthy growth and development of Chinese infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1742-1750
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• 2015

As a novel approach for disease control and prevention, nutritional modulation of the intestinal health has been proved. However, It is still unknown whether branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is needed to maintain intestinal immune-related function. The objective of this study was to determine whether BCAA supplementation in protein restricted diet affects growth performance, intestinal barrier function and modulates post-weaning gut disorders. One hundred and eight weaned piglets ($7.96{\pm}0.26kg$) were randomly fed one of the three diets including a control diet (21% crude protein [CP], CON), a protein restricted diet (17% CP, PR) and a BCAA diet (BCAA supplementation in the PR diet) for 14 d. The growth performance, plasma amino acid concentrations, small intestinal morphology and intestinal immunoglobulins were tested. First, average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) of weaned pigs in PR group were lower, while gain:feed ratio was lower than the CON group (p<0.05). Compared with PR group, BCAA group improved ADG (p<0.05), ADFI (p<0.05) and feed:gain ratio (p<0.05) of piglets. The growth performance data between CON and BCAA groups was not different (p>0.05). The PR and BCAA treatments had a higher (p<0.05) plasma concentration of methionine and threonine than the CON treatment. The level of some essential and functional amino acids (such as arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine etc.) in plasma of the PR group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the CON group. Compared with CON group, BCAA supplementation significantly increased BCAA concentrations (p<0.01) and decreased urea concentration (p<0.01) in pig plasma indicating that the efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization was increased. Compared with CON group, the small intestine of piglets fed PR diet showed villous atrophy, increasing of intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) number (p<0.05) and declining of the immunoglobulin concentration, including jejunal immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p = 0.04), secreted IgA (sIgA) (p = 0.03) and immunoglobulin M (p = 0.08), and ileal IgA (p = 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (p = 0.08). The BCAA supplementation increased villous height in the duodenum (p<0.01), reversed the trend of an increasing IELs number. Notably, BCAA supplementation increased levels of jejunal and ileal immunoglobulin mentioned above. In conclusion, BCAA supplementation to protein restricted diet improved intestinal immune defense function by protecting villous morphology and by increasing levels of intestinal immunoglobulins in weaned piglets. Our finding has the important implication that BCAA may be used to reduce the negative effects of a protein restricted diet on growth performance and intestinal immunity in weaned piglets.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1983

As flocculent strains are likely to have considerable potential for internal cell recycle, kinetic studies on glucose medium with flocculent Saccharomyces uvarum were carried out in batch and continuous culture. Using a mathematical model, the kinetic parameters at each temperature and pH were estimated in order to establish optimal conditions. It was found that an overall optimum temperature for growth and ethanol production in the range 33-35$^{\circ}C$ was desirable. With regard to the effect of pH, ethanol production by S. uvarum was found to be relatively insensitive to pH value between 4 and 6, with an optimum pH of around 5. At these optimal conditions a maximum ethanol productivity of 12 g/$\ell$/h was determined using semi-batch process together with 5. uvarum.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06b
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• pp.129-153
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• 1996

In aqueous slurry processing of silicon nitride, the interaction of dispersant and binder on the surface of particles was studied to identify the effect of these additives on ceramic powder processing. Polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used as dispersant and binder, respectively. the adsorption isotherms of PMAA and PVA for the silicon nitride suspension were determined, while the adsorption of PMAA was differentiated in the mixed additive system by ultraviolet spectroscopy. These experiments were done in order to investigate the effect of these organic additives on the physicochemical properties of silicon nitride suspensions. The electrokinetic behavior of silicon nitride was subsequently measured by electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA). As PMAA adsorbed onto silicon nitride, the isoelectric point (pHicp) shifted from pH=6.7 to acidic pH, depending on the surface coverage of PMAA. However, adsorption of PVA did not change the pHicp of suspensions, but did decrease the surface potential of silicon nitride moderately. The rheological behavior of silicon nitride suspensions was measured to assess the stability of particles in aqueous media, and was correlated with the electrokinetic behavior and adsorption isotherm data for silicon nitride.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.733-737
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to investigate soil chemical properties for forest rehabilitation and suggest design and management in abandoned coal mine areas in Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Total study sites were 10 sites, and soil analysis particular were soil pH, TOC, total-N, C/N ratio, A.v. $P_2O_5$, and CEC. Because most of study sites showed soil pH from 5.0 to 7.0, it seems that soil pH does not affect growth of vegetation. But soil pH in Danbong1 was acidic (pH 4.6), so it is needed to improve with ameliorant such as limestone. Most of study sites is necessary to manage for organic matter and Nitrogen, because there sites showed lower value of TOC and total-N than general forest. The values of A.v. $P_2O_5$ and CEC were good in most of study sites, so it seems that they do not have effect on vegetation growth. All of soil factors has no regression according to elapsed time after rehabilitation. TOC, total-N and A.v. $P_2O_5$ among soil properties have positive relationship between each other. It is necessary to fertilizer for organic matter and Nitroge because of value in TOC, total-N and C/N ratio. The results of this study were analyzed only one time. So, long-term monitoring for soil properties is important for the correct forest rehabilitation and management.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2013

The present study was conducted to test a hypothesis that pork quality traits would be influenced by the systemic and/or local bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$), or epidermal growth factor (EGF) before or at slaughter. To this end, 60 cross-bred female market pigs weighing approximately 110 kg were slaughtered, after which Longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) samples taken at slaughter (D 0) and blood samples taken at D -7 and D 0 were analyzed. The 60 carcasses rendered 36 RFN (reddish-pink, firm, and non-exudative), 16 RSE (reddish-pink, soft, and exudative), and 6 PSE (pale, soft, and exudative); 2 DFD (dark, firm, and dry) also were found but were excluded in subsequent experiments. The $L^*$ and drip loss were greater in PSE vs. RFN and RSE and in PSE and RSE vs. RFN, respectively, as they should (P<0.05). The $pH_{45min}$ was less in PSE vs. RFN (P<0.05); $pH_{24h}$ tended to be less in the former (P=0.09). The LM IGF-I and TGF-${\beta}1$ as well as serum EGF concentrations were less in PSE than in RFN. None of the other LM and serum concentrations of the three growth factors differed across the three pork quality categories. The LM IGF-I and TGF-${\beta}1$ concentrations and serum EGF concentration at D 0 were negatively correlated with drip loss [r = -0.36(P<0.01), -0.44 (P<0.01), and -0.32 (P<0.05), respectively]. However, none of the serum and LM growth factor variables was correlated with $L^*$ or $a^*$ (redness) of LM. Taken together, results suggest that locally expressed IGF-I and TGF-${\beta}1$ and blood-borne EGF may have a beneficial effect on postmortem water holding capacity of the muscle and that pork quality traits could be predicted to some extent from concentrations of IGF-I and TGF-${\beta}1$ in muscle and EGF in serum at slaughter.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.258-266
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• 2009

Pleurotus eryngii, known as king oyster mushroom has been widely used for nutritional and medicinal purposes. This study was initiated to screen the suitable conditions for mycelial growth and to determine the phylogenetic relationship of the selected strains. Optimal mycelial growth was observed at $30{^{\circ}C}$ and minimum mycelial growth observed at $10{^{\circ}C}$. This mushroom tolerates a broad pH range for mycelial growth, with most favorable growth observed at pH 6. Results also indicated that glucose peptone, yeast malt extract and mushroom complete media were favorable growth media, while Hennerberg and Hoppkins media were unfavorable. Dextrin was the best and xylose the least effective carbon sources. Results revealed that inorganic nitrogen sources were less effective than organic sources for the mycelial growth of P. eryngii. Investigation of genetic diversity is necessary to identify the strains. The ITS region of rDNA were amplified using PCR. The size of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rDNA from the different strains varied from 214 to 222 bp and 145 to 236 bp, respectively. The sequence of ITS2 was more variable than that of ITS1, and the 5.8S sequences were identical. A phylogenetic tree based on the ITS region sequences indicated that selected strains could be classified into six clusters. Fourteen IUM and ATCC- 90212 strains were also analyzed by RAPD with 20 arbitrary primers. Fourteen of these primers were efficiently amplified the genomic DNA. The number of amplified bands varied with the primers and strains, with polymorphic fragments in the range from 0.2 to 2.3 kb.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.696-704
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate various levels of milk by-product in weaning pig diet on growth performance, blood profiles, carcass characteristics and economic performance for weaning to finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc), average $7.01{\pm}1.32kg$ body weight (BW), were allotted to four treatments by BW and sex in 10 replications with 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with various levels of milk by-product (Phase 1: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, Phase 2: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). During weaning period (0 to 5 week), weaning pigs were fed experimental diets and all pigs were fed the same commercial feed during growing-finishing period (6 to 14 week). Results: In the growth trial, BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the nursery period (5 weeks) increased as the milk by-product level in the diet increased (linear, p<0.05). Linear increases of pig BW with increasing the milk product levels were observed until late growing period (linear, p = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in BW at the finishing periods, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio during the entire growing-finishing periods. The blood urea nitrogen concentration had no significant difference among dietary treatments. High inclusion level of milk by-product in weaner diet decreased crude protein (quadratic, p = 0.05) and crude ash (Linear, p = 0.05) of Longissimus muscle. In addition, cooking loss and water holding capacity increased with increasing milk product levels in the weaner diets (linear, p<0.01; p = 0.05). High milk by-product treatment had higher feed cost per weight gain compared to non-milk by-products treatment (linear, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation of 10% to 5% milk by-products in weaning pig diet had results equivalent to the 30% to 15% milk treatment and 0% milk by-product supplementation in the diet had no negative influence on growth performance of finishing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.468-473
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• 2009

Selective area epitaxy of multiple-stacked InP/InGaAs structures were grown by chemical beam epitaxy. The width of top of the multiple-stacked InP/InGaAs layer which were selectively grown on the stripe lines parallel to the <011> direction was narrowed, while the width of top of the multiple-stacked InP/InGaAs layer on the stripe lines parallel to the <01-1> was widen. This difference according to the <011> and <01-1> direction was explained by the growth of InGaAs <311>A and B faces on the (100) InP surface on the stripe lines parallel to the <01-1> direction. Under growth rate of $1\;{\mu}m/h$, top of the multiple-stacked InP/InGaAs was flattened as the pressure of group V gas was decreased. This phenomenon was understood by the saturation of group V element on the surface.