• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.303-306
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• 2014

Antifreeze proteins (AFP) inhibit ice growth to permit the survival of polar organisms in the cold environments. The recombinant AFP from an Antarctic bacterium, Flavobacterium frigoris PS1, FfIBP (Flavobacterium frigoris ice-binding protein), was produced using Pichia pastoris expression system. The optimum fermentation temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) and pH (5) for FfIBP production were determined using a fed-batch culture system. The maximal cell density and purified FfIBP were 112 g/L and 70 mg/L, respectively. The thermal hysteresis (TH) activity (0.85) of FfIBP obtained using a glycerol-methanol fed-batch culture system was 2-fold higher than that of the LeIBP (Leucosporidium ice-binding protein). This work allows for large-scale production of FfIBP, which could be extended to further application studies using recombinant AFPs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.624-628
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• 2000

Effects of hinokitiol extract Tunja orientalis [5 g/leaf (0.603 mg as hinokitiol), 50 g/leaf (6.03 mg as hinokitiol) and 10 g/prop distillation extract (1.378 mg as hinokitiol)] on shelf-life of bread were investigated. The contents of hinokitiol of leaf and prop and prop in tunja orientalis were 12.06 mg/100g and 13.78 mg/100 g. Added hinokitiol extract of Tunja orientalis on bread inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi, and the more hinokitiol extract of Tunja orientalis was add, the higher degree of inhibition of those was observed. Results of sensory evaluation showed that there was no significant differ in each treatment and control (no add hinokitiol extract). These results suggest that the shelf-life of bread was extended by hinokitiol extract of Tunja orientalis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.374-378
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• 2004

One hundred and twenty crossbred pigs [(Duroc$\times$Yorkshire)$\times$Landrace] were used to determine the effects of plant extract (PE) supplementation on performance and blood characteristics in weaned pigs fed a corn-dried whey-SBM based diet. Treatments were 1) NC (antibiotic free basal diet), 2) PC (NC diet+100 ppm apramycin and 100 ppm oxytetracycline), 3) PE 0.1 (NC diet+0.1% plant extract), 4) PE 0.2 (NC diet+0.2% plant extract) and 5) PE+AB (PC diet+0.1% plant extract). Through the entire experimental period, ADG of pigs fed PC (300 vs. 281 g/d), PE 0.2 (310 vs. 281 g/d) and PE+AB (306 vs. 281 g/d) diets was higher than that of pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05). However, no differences were found among the treatments for ADFI and gain/feed. At day 2 after the onset of the experiment, fecal consistency score of pigs fed PC, PE 0.1, PE 0.2 and PE+AB diets was lower than that of pigs fed NC diet. There were no significant differences in red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes concentrations of blood among the treatments. In conclusion, PE can be used to replace antibiotics in diets for weaned pigs without negative affects on performance. Optimal PE levels seemed to be 0.2% and the results obtained point out to a synergic effect of the combination of PE and antibiotic on performance in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1110-1115
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• 2005

To study the effect of feeding lactic acid producing bacteria on the performance of cattle calves, twenty four, day old male crossbred cattle calves (Bos indicus${\times}$Bos taurus), were distributed into two groups of 12 animals each. The animals were fed on calf starter containing wheat bran and green berseem ad libitum and milk as per requirement upto 8 weeks of age. The diet of calves of Group 2 was supplemented with 500 ml culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus-15. Total duration of the experiment was 31 weeks. There was no significant difference in intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein (CP) between the groups. The rumen pH, protozoa numbers, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$), trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA-ppt N) and activity of microbial enzymes (carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, amylase and protease) were not affected due to probiotic supplementation. Average live weight gain of the calves was improved (about 10%) and feed:gain ratio was reduced (about 5%) in the animals given Lactobacillus culture. The data indicated that crossbred calves could be reared on a diet devoid of cereal grain and addition of Lactobacillus culture in the diet resulted in an added advantage in growth performance of the animals.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 2006

The proper management of discarded electronic devices (often called electronic-waste) is an emerging issue for solid waste professionals throughout the world because of the large growth of the waste stream, and the content of toxic metals in them, most notably heavy metals such as lead. Notebook computers are becoming one of the major components of discarded computer devices and will continue to increase in the waste stream in the future. While the computers hold great promise for recycling, a substantial amount of this waste is often disposed in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is commonly used to simulate worse case leaching conditions where a potentially hazardous waste is assumed to be disposed along with municipal solid waste in a landfill with actively decomposing materials overlying an aquifer. The objective of this study was to examine leaching potential of lead from discarded notebook computers using the scale-up TCLP, other standard leaching tests such as California waste extraction test (Cal WET), and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and actual landfill leachates as leaching solution. The scale-up TCLP is a modified TCLP (where the device was disassembled and leached in or near entirety) to meet the intent of the TCLP. The results showed that the scale-up TCLP resulted in relatively high lead found in the leachate with an average of 23.3 mg/L. The average level was less than those by the standard TCLP and WET (37.0 mg/L and 86.0 mg/L, respectively), but much greater than those by the SPLP and the extractions with the landfill leachates (0.55 mg/L and 1.47 mg/L, respectively). The pH of the leaching solution and the ability of the organic acids in the TCLP and WET to complex with the lead were identified as major factors that controlled the amount of lead leached from notebook computers. Based on the results obtained by a number of leaching tests in this study, notebook computers may present a potential leaching risk to the environment and human health upon land disposal. However, further investigation is still needed to assess the true risk posed by the land disposal of discarded notebook computers.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.763-771
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• 2020

Objectives: Erigeron bonariensis is a type of Erigeron found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas as one of the perennial plants or pioneer plants. It is known to show detoxifying, antipyretic, and anticancer effects for various cancers. However, there are no reports on the anticancer effect of E. bonariensis on oral cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the methanol extract of Erigeron bonariensis (MEEB) on the inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cell lines, including the MC3 and YD15 oral cancer cells. Methods: MC3 Cells were treated by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methanol extracts of 20 various natural products 20 ㎍/mL for 48 hours and cell viability were analyzed as Trypan blue exclusion assay. The effects of MEEB treatment on the cell viability of MC3 and YD15 cells, for 48 h, were analyzed by Trypan blue exclusion assay. The anticancer efficacy and apoptosis of oral cancer cell lines were analyzed by western blot analysis. The statistical significance of differences between groups was analyzed by Student's two-tailed t-test. A value of P<0.05 compared to the vehicle control was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 20 different naturally derived products, MEEB significantly inhibited cell viability and increased cleaved poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP) protein in the MC3 and YD15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that MEEB can be used as a natural anticancer drug for the treatment of human oral cancer.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 1991

This study was carried out to find a method to remove cadmium from soil and/or attenuate in Cd saturated Soil The chemical form of Cd was influenced by the physico-chemical properties of soil and the adsorption of Cd by soil conformed to the Langmuir isotherm. The order of Cd contents in chemical fractions extracted by several reagents was EDTA > NaOH > $HNO_3$. Flooding, liming and the addition of chelating agents and clay minerals to the contaminated soil seems to desirable in alleviating the harmful effects of Cd on plant growth by reducing Cd content in the $KNO_3$ fraction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1992

A $\alpha$-l, 4-D-glucan maltohydrolase $(\beta$-amylase), secreted by the mesophilic aerobic bacterium Bacillus polymyxa No.26, was purified and characterized. The enzyme production was increased after a logarithmic phase of bacterial growth and paralleled with the onset of bacterial sporulation. By applying anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration the enzyme was purified 16.7-fold and had a specific activity of 285.7 units/mg. Two enzyme activities were eluted on a column of DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and they were designated as E-I for a major enzyme peak and E-II for a minor peak. Of them, E-I enzyme peak was further purified by using gel chromatography. The molecular mass of this enzyme was determined to be 64, 000 daltons and consisted of a single subunit, showing an isoelectric point of 8.9. The enzyme was able to attack specifically the $\alpha$-l, 4-glycosidic linkages in soluble starch and caused its complete hydrolysis to maltose and $\beta$-limited dextrin. This amylolytic enzyme displayed a temperature optimum at $45^\circ{C}$ and a pH optimum at 7.0. The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was quite similar to the other bacterial $\beta$-amylases reported. Surprisingly, the purified enzyme from this aerobe only exhibited hydrolytic activity on soluble starch, not on starch granules. The degradation of from starch by $\beta$-amylase was greatly stimulated by pullulanase addition. These results differentiated from other $\beta$-amylases reported. Based on a previous result that showed the enzyme system involves in effective degradation of raw starch granules, this result strongly suggested that the purified enzyme (E-I) can be a synergistic part of starch granule-digestion and E-II plays a crucial role in digestion of starch granules.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1999

In 1997 surveys 82 out of 180 crucifer fields were infected with clubroot disease in a range of 1-100% of diseased plants and among crucifier crops Chinese cabbage was the most severe, In cropping systems Chinese cabbage-monocropping of Chinese cabbage-radish were found to be most common in major Chinese cabbage production areas. Welsh onion squash or paddy rice were also planted between cropping of Chinese cabbage. Paddy fields converted to upland were lowered in incidence of clubroot disease and fields with loam to silty loam soil were more severe in disease than those with sandy soil. Soil pH and organic contents were nor related to clubroot disease severity. Soil fauua such as total fungi bacteria actinomyces Pseudomonads and Bascillus were not correlated with severity of the disease. Root rall development on Chinese cabbage seedlings was initifially observed under a microscope 13 days after inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae but 18 days by naked eyes after inoculation. Root galls were formed mostly around collar roots and gradually spread to main root lateral roots and secondary root branches. Root galls started to enlarge greatly in size and weight from 23 days after inoculation. Chinese cabbage plants at mid-growth stage with root gall development were reduced to 1/2 of that of healthy plants in number of leaves 1/4-1/5 in above ground fresh weight 1/6 in root length but increased to 3 times in diameter of collar root. Diseased plants had little root hairs. Diseased Chinese cabbage plants at harvest were reduced by 9,1-11.8% in head weight compared to healthy plants a positive correlation was observed between root and head weight but those relationships were rot found in the diseased plants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 2014

The aim of present study was to improve the quality of silage using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella as a supplement. Italian ryegrass (IRG) mediated silage was prepared with lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum) and different concentration of chlorella. We analyzed the nutritional profiles such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), microbial counts and fermentative acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid in the control and experimental silage after three months. It shows increased crude protein content and also maintains the rest of nutritional values as compared with control silage. LAB inoculation with chlorella as supplementation slightly reduced the pH of the silage. In addition, it increased the fermentative acids production as compared with control silage and inhibits the undesired microbial growth especially fungi in the silage. Therefore, we suggest that LAB inoculation and chlorella supplementation to the IRG mediated silage could be improved the nutritional quality of the silage which is an intrinsic feature for the application in the preparation of animal feeds and functional foods.